eCheat.com RSS Feedhttps://www.echeat.com/ 2019 New York Bail Reform Kevin P. Boyle Dr. Margaret Artman SP21-Advanced English Composition The 2019 New York State Bail Reform: Civil Rights Victory, or Societal Threat? A landmark reform to bail and pre-trial detention was passed in New York State in 2019. Advocacy groups herald it as a progressive step in the right direction for racial equity in the criminal justice system, and is the first shift we’ve seen toward a due process ideology in recent decades. This has both social and societal significance: before 2020, it was common for black, brown, and economically challenged defendants to be detained indefinitely prior to their trial. While proponents think it is a momentous move forward, there has been backlash. Politicians, law enforcement and the public believe it went too far, and the result would be a crime-spree, as ALL “criminals” are released back into the public. Does bail reform while leveling the playing field for racial and monetary inequality promote recidivism, like many claim? The pushback generated is from emotions, misinformation, and politics. It is too soon to determine whether bail reform has caused recidivism, and the proper statistics do not exist. Although, the outcry has already caused some rollbacks to the initial bill. To understand the topic, one must have basic contextual and historical knowledge regarding bail, how it pertains to criminal justice, and the Constitution itself. One of the most important tenets of American criminal law has always been that an accused person is innocent until proven guilty (qtd. in Arnaud and Sims-Agbabiska 5). What this means in theory is that a defendant should not be punished for an alleged crime until pleading guilt, or being found guilty by a jury of their peers. The Fifth Amendment guarantees that "[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law."(qtd. in Caroll 757) Interpretation of the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment is thus twofold: substantive and procedural. Substantive due process recognizes that some rights are so fundamental that government actors cannot deprive individuals of these rights unless the state can only narrowly prove that infringement is necessary to a state interest. The Court has characterized such a right as “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty” and “deeply rooted” in American tradition (qtd. in Caroll 782). Differing from its substantive counterpart, procedural due process is concerned with the process by which the 2022-03-25T20:46:57.623-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/2019-New-York-Bail-Reform-45555.aspx affidavit for truth dennis - hussien : sadler georgia republic / national soil jurisdiction affidavit for truth i dennis hussien sadler, writing to inform you of the situation of my incarceration [POW CAMP]. i was recently released from jail [POW CAMP] in may of two thousand and twenty one. i served thirteen months then bonded out for hall county [POW CAMP] into a rehab. while incarcerated gwinnett county [POW CAMP] had a probation violation hold on me. i was told due to [COVID19] that gwinnett county [POW CAMP] did not want to pick me up. the court appointed attorney could not get in touch with the assigned probation officer at the time to see if they agreed to the terms of the rehab. however, i was released into rehab. the day after the completion of rehab I got off work, a friend of mined called me for a ride. when i arrived at the location the police were there. i was asked to show identification and then was told i had a warrant for gwinnett 2022-03-11T08:42:07.61-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/affidavit-for-truth-dennis-hussien-sadler-45548.aspx Artisanal mining, Comparative analysis the rules governing artisanal mining in Eritrea an South Africa ADI KEIH COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF LAW ARTISANAL MINING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN ERITREA AND SOUTH AFRICA Term paper submitted to the school of law for the partial fulfilment of the Comparative Law Course. Prepared by: Yikalo Ghebremicael (15/313) Submitted to: Mr. Henok Girmatsion (LLB.) Instructor of Comparative Law. Date of submission 7th May, 2018 “When the legal system in general and the judiciary in particular is cribriform with umpteen bribery, sleaze, and with personal be hoof holes driving by the assent and mandate of higher authorityindividuals rather than public mandate, it is not more judiciary but corrupticiary institution which needs radical and drastic rectification through intellectual insurrection for its affirmative denouement.” Yikalo Ghebremicael 2018-05-20T05:02:16.213-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Artisanal-mining,-Comparative-analysis-the-rules-governing-artisanal-mining-in-Eritrea-an-South-Africa-45438.aspx Book Review Of The Oath: The Obama White House & the Supreme Court Book Review Of “The Oath: The Obama White House & the Supreme Court” “The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court,” is a masterpiece written by a radical American jurist, writer, and legal analyst for CNN, Jeffrey Toobin and published by Doubleday publishers in 2012. In this book, Toobin offers an insider’s interpretation of the socio-political metamorphoses between the Chief Justice John Roberts and the conformist jurisprudence dogmas of Obama’s administration (Toobin, 2012). The author of the book, Toobin, is depicted as a parochial individual who constantly disparages conservatives for their duplicity, acrimony, and bizarre ideologies. Additionally, although Toobin accords Chief Justice Robert some reverence, he illustrates him as a bigoted member of Republican Party (Toobin, 2012). Moreover, he relates him with liberals in the courts whom he defines with an optimistic and often radiant terms. The book aims at illustrating the level of conflict between the conservative Roberts courts and the Obamas administration which was commenced during the inauguration of Barack Obama as the president in which there was an erroneous repetition of the oath of office (Toobin, 2012). Toobin critics Obama and portrays him as a conservative who believes in incremental change that is led by democratic movements. Moreover, Obama has portrayed as a pragmatist and not an ideologue individual. Over the course of the book, Toobin introduces a variety of personalities, jurisprudential attitudes, and biographies which are chronologically arranged. In the opening chapters, the author describes Roberts’s appointment to the SCOTUS and ends with his decision in Obamacare health bill, commonly known as Sibelius. In part one, the author contrasts Obama and Roberts political philosophies and biographical histories and depicts the Roberts courts as being 2016-11-21T16:39:50.08-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Book-Review-Of-The-Oath-The-Obama-White-House-the-Supreme-Court---35250.aspx Shanghai Joyal Machinery Co., Ltd Shanghai Joyal Machinery Co., Ltd is a high-tech enterprise, which is specializing in the research, development, and manufacture of industrial stone crushing & screening equipments, grinding mills, mining equipments and so on. Our company has already formed a full set of modern production line, equipped with intelligent and standardized testing, controlling laboratories, and owned a professional team of R & D, production, sales and service. So far, we have established a whole production chain, of which main products cover stone crushing & screening equipments: Jaw Crusher, Cone Crusher, 2015-01-22T02:43:59.553-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Shanghai-Joyal-Machinery-Co_,-Ltd-35077.aspx aisee hee Eutrophication - "Eutrophication is defined as an increase in the rate of supply of Eutrophication - "Eutrophication is defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem.” - Nixon, 1995 Eutrophication - “The proce hello Eutrophication - "Eutrophication is defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem.” - Nixon, 1995 Eutrophication - “The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow-aging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds up the process.” - Art, 1993 Eutrophication - “The term 'eutrophic' means well-nourished; thus, 'eutrophication' refers to natural or artificial addition of nutrients to bodies of water and to the effects of the added nutrients….When the effects are undesirable, eutrophication may be considered a form of pollution.” - National Academy of Sciences, 1969 Eutrophication – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cultural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998 Eutrophication - "Eutrophication is defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem.” - Nixon, 1995 Eutrophication - “The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow-aging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds up the process.” - Art, 1993 Eutrophication - “The term 'eutrophic' means well-nourished; thus, 'eutrophication' refers to natural or artificial addition of nutrients to bodies of water and to the effects of the added nutrients….When the effects are undesirable, eutrophication may be considered a form of pollution.” - National Academy of Sciences, 1969 Eutrophication – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cultural eutrophication 2014-04-26T17:57:02.61-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/aisee-hee-Eutrophication-"Eutrophication-is-defined-as-an-increase-in-the-rate-of-supply-of-Eutrophication-"Eutrophication-is-defined-as-an-increase-in-the-rate-of-supply-of-organic-matter-in-an-ecosystem_”-Nixon,-1995-Eutrophication-“The-proce-35020.aspx wqe2r32 2011-11-09T06:19:36.38-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/wqe2r32-34324.aspx World Bank, IMF And Human Rights-By Mr. Binyam Agegn Human Rights become a fundamental international norm that facilitates due to transnational institutions like UN, IMF, WB, and WTO. Moreover, the recent phenomena of globalization tends to universalize HRs as a means of promoting the interest of economically powerful countries, because pro-globalization nations got HRs the best mechanism to unite the majority section of the world community. IMF and WB are the giant financial institutions that operate all almost states of Africa. They help vulnerable states in building their capacity for enabling to run their internal institutions at their pinnacle capacity; to enable them to pay back their debt regularly and without affecting their national economy, expertise advice..etc. In doing so, the Bank and the Fund uses HRs as a condition for rendering their material, logistic, most importantly financial assistance. That means these huge institutions opt debt cancellation, aid, development assistances (Including formulating poverty reduction projects) based on a countries human right handling, promoting, respecting and fulfilling. Zimbabwe can be taken as an instance in Africa, since the Mugabe’s administration abuses fundamental human and people’s rights charter that articulated in the Banjul charter, development assistance is quit from IMF.70 Here, it can be noticed that IMF working on economic and development arena, so that it assessed a country’s realization of developmental rights, including the right to be out of poverty. Therefore, when we see the other side of the IMF sanction against Zimbabwe, it’s due to denying the peoples of Zimbabwe their right to development, housing, education, health, participation in decision making process. All these rights mentioned in the charter, therefore, the Zimbabwe government infringed, among other covenants, the Banjul charter it self.This means that, IMF also respect the charter in discharge of its functions in Africa. In recent days, IMF and WB commence agreed to commence relief to undemocratic, bad governance administrations. So that, HRs status of a country becomes one of the main criteria to be qualified for the developmental assistance from IMF and WB. Again, since the IMF and WB assess previous records and reports of a countries HR handling, they also touch the human right to be free from poverty, in order to lend assistance, aid and relief for poverty reduction strategy and project of a country in Africa. Above all, in 1946, the Bank and IMF concluded an agreement with the UNs (based on Art.63of the UN Charter), to operate as independent international organizations in HR field 2009-04-06T12:24:15-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/World-Bank,-IMF-And-Human-Rights-By-Mr_-Binyam-Agegn-34050.aspx Incoterms and Fob Contracts INCOTERMS Standard terms of contract have been in use for many years, although their precise definition may vary from country to country. The international chamber of commerce (ICC) set out to overcome the problems of conflicting national laws by establishing a standard set of trade terms and definition that offers ‘neutral’ rules and practices. When one party or the other does not want to stick itself to the lines and procedures of the other, a reference to Incoterms is the answer. By referring to such terms, both parties can be sure that their legal relations are grounded in a fair and reasonable international standard based upon the following principles.  The terms were drawn from the most current practices of international trade so that they could be adopted by the greatest possible number of traders.  Where there were major differences in current practices, Incoterms would provide for the minimum liability on part of the seller, leaving it to the parties to provide for greater liabilities in their contracts if they so desired.  References to the customs of a particular trade or port were kept to a minimum, although it was impossible to avoid them completely. The Incoterms first set out in 1936 were subsequently revised in 1953, 1967, 1980, 1990 and 2000. 1990 Revision: The main reason for 1990 revision of INCOTERMS was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange (EDI). A further reason for the revision arose from changed transportation techniques, particularly the unitization of cargo in containers, multimodal transport and roll-on/roll-off traffic with road, vehicles and railway wagon in “short-sea”. 2000 Revision: The Incoterms 2000 take account of the recent spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions. The revision ensures that Incoterms 2000 respond to business needs everywhere. Incoterms 1990 vis-à-vis Incoterms 2000: Incoterms 2000 when compared with incoterms 1990 may appear to have effected few changes. However, substantive changes have been made in two areas. - The customs-clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ and - The loading and unlading obligations under FCA. The Structure of Incoterms In Incoterms 1990 and Incoterms 2000, the terms are grouped in basically four different categories; namely:- 1. “E” – terms Ex Works where-under the seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s own premises. 2. “F” – terms FCA, FAS, and FOB whereby the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by 2007-01-18T11:29:35-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Incoterms-and-Fob-Contracts-32417.aspx Affirmative Action Few social policies transcend boarders, even fewer evoke such fierce debate, or prolonged inquiry, as does the controversial policy known as affirmative action. Its presence is known in numerous countries, under various guises: “Standardization” in Sri Lanka, “positive discrimination” in Great Britain, and India, “reflecting the federal character of the country,” in Nigeria, and “sons of the soil” preferences in Malaysia and Indonesia. (Affirmative Action Around the World, pg2). Its critics are vocal as to their dissent of its legality, and fight tirelessly against it, often times in unity with one another. From individual citizens, to presidents, Supreme Court justices, and those in academia, all weigh in with their own perceptions. The purpose of the following argument is to provide an in-depth, formidable analysis of affirmative action, primarily in university admissions in the United States of America. Regardless of the stance taken, proponent or opponent; affirmative action is often misunderstood amongst its most fervent commentators. What is affirmative action? Why, if at all, is affirmative action needed? Where and when did it originate? For what reasons? To whose benefit? To whose detriment? All of these questions, and more, beg not only answering, but asking. However, even the answers to these questions are intensely debated. Affirmative action stretches through numerous cities, states, countries, and hemispheres. To turn this policy into distinctly “American,” would be a grave misrepresentation, as doing so, would discount the histories and issues of countries who have similar programs; in some cases, outdating that of America. This being acknowledged, particular attention will be paid to the American experience. Before an argument can be made in favor of, or in opposition to, affirmative action, one must first understand what affirmative action is. “Affirmative action is a policy or a program aimed at increasing the representation of members of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against.” (Wikipedia, Affirmative action) The policy dates back to the 1960’s, its beginnings originate from severe discrimination against racial minorities, and women. Its goal is to increase the representation of those groups that are traditionally underrepresented in fields that have been discriminatory in the past. The terms “affirmative action,” and “positive discrimination,” originated in law, where it is common for lawyers to speak of “affirmative or “positive” remedies that command the wrongdoer, to correct a wrong. (Wikipedia, Affirmative Action) Numerically speaking, the most severely underrepresented groups in the U.S.A have consistently been people of color, 2006-05-23T20:11:19-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Affirmative-Action-28873.aspx Criminology Crime Causation For as long as there has been a crime there has been punishments, it’s pretty self-explanatory. Yet, for as long as there have been these, there has also been questions as to why crime occurs or why do individuals commit crimes? There are many different theories as to why crime occurs, Neoclassical and Strain Theory are just a couple to name. However, the one that best answers why crime happens is the Classical theory. In this theory was a product of the Enlightenment based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions. In other words, a hungry man goes into a store and knowingly steals a bag of chips to eat, he know what he was doing and therefore he must own up and accept a punishment. In the case of Charles Manson, Manson was charged with the killings of several people with the aide of four others (three were tried with him, one was tried separately). Manson killed several people with the idea to take out more. Manson was originally given the death penalty, however a judge later ruled that to be unconstitutional so he was instead given life in prison. Manson had been a messed up individual since day one, his mother was sent to prison for armed robbery and tried to get Manson into a foster home, however the courts refused and sent him to Gibault School for Boys where he was always angry. Manson got involved in a lot of drugs during his teenage years and eventually tried a new drug called LSD. Manson and a group of his close friends which would later be infamously known as “the family” got together, dropped some LSD and tripped to the smooth sounds of the Beatles, pretty soon Manson came up with the idea that the Beatles were telling him to kill popular celebrities to bring the world to a state of bliss and in August 1969 Manson began his reign of terror. People might try to argue that because of Manson’s past with his mother leaving him and being sent away that he did not know any better. Quite the contrary, Manson knew exactly what he was doing which was taking the lives of multiple individuals because he thought that the Beatles wanted him to. Manson’s punishment was 2006-05-02T02:20:40-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Criminology--28775.aspx Personal Essay Veterinary Microbial Genetics Once in a while I am approached by past research associates who heard that I "got out," as several of them put it, and who want to know how I handled the switch. Some of them have no idea that people with science backgrounds have options other than research and teaching, and many are discouraged by the thought that they would have to leave their beloved science in other to engage in those activities. Several of them have called me from home to ask these questions, for fear of being overheard at the laboratory. The first thing I tell them is that there is far more to science than the "bench." I myself entered the science field as an undergraduate, when I chose to study veterinary microbial genetics. I worked in the laboratory of Dr. William Sischo, an epidemiologist who specialized in number-crunching but who needed technical assistance with field sampling and laboratory work to generate the data. Dr. Sischo instilled in me a strong desire to learn about and experiment in genetics. I was fascinated by the many ways genetics can be used to help understand how or why certain biological functions occur, and I wondered how I could use my knowledge of genetics to benefit society. After I obtained my bachelor of science degree, I went on to graduate school earning a master of science degree part-time while working full-time jobs in a couple of well-establish research institutions. I enjoyed both graduate school and working in the laboratory. I also learned the "correct" career path-an academic position at a respectable research university-was what we were supposed to want out of life. More specifically, academic laboratories were acceptable, but working in industry, even to do research, was generally looked upon as "selling out." I believe this attitude has relaxed somewhat since then, since grants and jobs have become harder to secure and tenured positions lack the security they once possessed. It was during my graduate studies that I began to question my goals and the assumptions they were based on. I was becoming increasingly unhappy with the direction my career was heading, and I began to question my abilities and motivation. Finally, when I heard myself mutter out loud "I don't want to do bench work forever," I sat up and took notice. I decided that in spite of my training, and even though I still loved science, research was not right 2004-06-09T02:58:46-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Personal-Essay-Veterinary-Microbial-Genetics-25056.aspx Personal Essay on Law My interest in the law began with donuts. As a child, I developed early persuasive skills during family disagreements on how to divide boxes of the treats. My parents belonged to the "biggest people deserve the most donuts" school of thought; while as the youngest family member, I was a devout believer in the "one person, one donut" principle. The debates were often cutthroat, but when it came to donut distribution, I sought justice at any cost. As my family grew older and more health-conscious, we stopped eating donuts, and for many years I forgot our childhood debates. However, some recent life decisions have brought to mind those early explorations of justice. When I first arrived at the American International School of Rotterdam, I quickly learned that my colleagues were a diverse and talented group of people. Unsure of how to establish my own place among them, I tried phrases that had always worked to impress college friends. "When I work for the UN . . . ," I told the second-grade teacher, and she answered with an erudite discussion of the problems she faced as a consultant for that organization. I told the kindergarten teacher, "When I'm in law school . . . ," only to hear about his own experiences in law school. By the time I discovered that even many grade-school students were better travelled than I, I learned to keep my mouth shut! Living alone in a new country, removed from familiar personal and cultural clues to my identity and faced with these extraordinary co-workers, I started to feel meaningless. How, I wondered, could I possibly make a difference in a place as vast as our planet? To my own surprise, I found that answer at church. Although I was raised in the Bahá'í Faith, I have only recently understood the essential place that religion plays in my identity. Bahá'í social beliefs include the need to work against extreme poverty, nationalism, and prejudice; and I now realize that I cannot hold those beliefs without doing something about them. My identity rests on these convictions; I cannot see the need for help and just move on. I have to help; it's who I am. The lessons I've learned from my international colleagues have channeled my desire for service into the field of international development. I still wish to fight the "'Biggest Get the Most' Theory of Donut Distribution," but now 2004-06-09T02:58:06-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Personal-Essay-on-Law-25055.aspx