Management at GM

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Former CEO Roger Smith was vilified by the union and Michael Moore for trying to impose Japanese (i.e., Toyota) techniques in GM plants in the 1980s and eventually created the Saturn division specifically for the freedom to implement those lessons. The lessons were not learned well, however, and subsequent CEOs refused to stand up to the unions under threat of strike. In retrospect, strikes and lost business then would have been much less painful than bankruptcy and government bailout now. Nine pages, five sources.