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idea that juvenile offenders needed to be handled different from adult offenders; as the goal was to retrain the child toward more...

time, as well as from his genius. Background on Freud and his era Freud was just over 40 when he conceived of writing this text,...

ended at the boundaries of the Catholic church which was barely recognized by Anglicans. Not until the mid-18th century was...

after this fall, which resulted in abuse of the Roman legalistic process and which also served to illustrate the cruelty of Tiberi...

quo (Ruddell and Urbina, 2004). In his analysis of the history of incarceration in the US, Vogel (2003) charts a relationship be...

due to biblical passages describing how divine vengeance was "meted out to guilty and innocent alike" in "the Great Flood, the des...

perspective is that OJ Simpson was tried by a jury of his peers. There was an Asian judge and a jury made up of minorities. The pr...

initiated by the police, who have more freedom and a wider range of choices in how to proceed when dealing with a juvenile than wi...

would be that such a thing would never happen in the US without great public outcry, but that was before passage of the Patriot Ac...

is valuable where the safety of the community is concerned. In relationship to the board, there are nine board members who are ...

conclusion as to what is the best way of going about treating drug addicted offenders. The important question is: What is the bes...

theory (which considers social factors, disorganization, control and the learning process)and the rational choice theory (which co...

heading of the United States Department of Justice (Glover 92). The U.S. Marshalls, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the D...

pigeons to coin the now infamous term "operant conditioning" to describe the phenomenon of learning occurring in response to an or...

has formulated a computer program that analyzes crime locations and statistical information about criminal behavior in order to he...

While the statistics obviously support the contention that there is a disproportionate representation of blacks as compared to whi...

any given day, there are myriad reports of crime and violent acts purportedly committed by persons of color, origin and ethnic bac...

not as readily realized is that black Americans also represent the highest number of homicide victims between the two races. In t...

contend, is fueled by nothing but a lot of "hot air and rhetoric" (Berry, 1995, p. PG). The cycle is not difficult to comprehend:...

inasmuch as it is an illusive notion. Indeed, to consider there are other minds besides ones own is a theory that not only requir...

just tell a child hes good, and hes well, hes fine, does not produce anything, nor does it increase the childs self-esteem. Child...

2003). He turned the focus from structural to functional models of the mind, and, using the methods he had developed on his voyag...

looking for similarities and differences (Crane, 2005). Few Western psychologists considered the influence of culture on individu...

is perhaps most important because each stage builds on the former. If the childs physical needs for warmth and food are not met fo...

a serious drug and mental health problems when they were incarcerated. These juveniles have serious problems with hallucinogens, ...

the importance of self-esteem has misdirected society at-large and proposes that Christian fundamentalism is more successful at ov...

the theory of survival of the fittest (AllPsych, 2003). Basing his thoughts on Darwin, Galton, in 1869, argued "that intellectual ...

of research is that quantitative research designs depend on "quantities," on the use of statistic data that is collected, while qu...

the group prosper (147). First of all, before considering what constitutes justice within a community, it is first necessary to ...

would rush forward to announce they had made a mistake. The Amiraults found, immediately after the first accusation, that talk or...