https://www.echeat.com/ Reaction Time Lab Reaction time is a measure of how quickly an organism can respond to a particular stimulus. The stimulus is processed by your nervous system before you are able to react, and the time lag is your reaction time. Many factors have been shown to affect reaction times, including age, gender, physical fitness, fatigue, distraction, alcohol, personality type, and whether the stimulus is visual (sight), auditory (hearing), tactile (touch), olfactory (smell) or gustatory (taste). The model for information flow within an organism can be represented in this way: Stimulus ? Sensory Neuron ? Spinal Cord or Brain ? Motor Neuron ? Response Sensory neurons convert a stimulus into an electro-chemical signal, which flows the length of the sensory neuron(s), then through a neuron or neurons of the central nervous system, and then through the length of the motor neuron(s). Generally, motor neurons will cause a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete a substance. Reactions that involve only the receptor, the spinal cord, and the effector, are faster than those which involve processing in the brain. Reactions which only travel to, through, and from the spinal cord are often called spinal reflexes or cord-mediated reflexes; withdrawing one’s hand from a hot stove is an example of such a reflex. In ‘simple reaction time’ experiments, there is only one stimulus and one response. Catching a dropped stick, or hitting a button when a light changes are examples. Visual: Online Reaction Time Test Test Number Reaction Time (s) 1 0.303 2 0.011 3 0.202 4 0.244 5 0.289 Average 0.2098 Auditory:What is Your Reaction Speed to Sound? Test Number Reaction time (ms) 1 263 2 227 3 174 4 291 5 249 Average 241 Analysis: When looking at your results, did you respond faster to the auditory or visual stimuli? (moving the decimal 3 places left will put the visual into ms, instead of seconds) Compare your results to a classmate. I responded faster to visual stimuli. Why did you run several trials? Because the first time I did the test I could have messed up or did better than I normally would meaning the data would be inaccurate. Explain why a message moving along nerve pathways takes time. The response time may be slow.it has to travel more sensory ? spinal cord ? brain ? motor Reflex arcs differ from the traditional response-stimulus 2022-03-28T10:26:41.19-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Reaction-Time-Lab-45556.aspx High School could be stressful.......especially Physics....................................shhdhdjdjfnud hi de jjd hi hi de if jk fnd. Gbfbdjdn. Bsnrhd. Bns rbrjrjjdjkdjd 2016-04-25T23:16:39.597-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Graphs-35189.aspx Oxygen Oxygen, the 8th element in the periodic table. It is on period #2, group 16 and has an atomic mass of 16. It is classified as a non-metal and it is highly reactive. It is from the Latin words oxys and genes, which together they mean acid forming (which was names incorrectly with this name). Oxygen supports life but it also kills it. Oxygen is the reason we grow old and die, it causes oxidation in almost everything, even our organs. Oxygen is actually created by photosynthesis and is also made when water evaporates it loses the hydrogen it had been made in a compound to make H2O. ` Its discoveries were in the 1770’s, one was by Joseph Priestly in England in 1774 and the other was Carl Wilhelm Scheele, both independently. The name oxygen came from Antoine Lavoisier, Scheele called it fire air and Priestly called it dephlogisticated air. The reason why Scheele called it “fire air” was because he discovered that you need oxygen to have a fire. Joseph Priestly called it dephlogisticated air because he knew it was needed and it was used for many other thing that were not life. Although Antoine a French chemist that was oxygen’s 3rd discoverer was incorrect by giving it that term, but that is how it remains to this day. It has 8 protons 8 neutrons and 8 electrons, all of which give it the atomic mass number of 16. Its energy level is the second with 6 valence electrons and it is colorless and is also odorless. One of the uses is it is in plastic and it is in the ozone layer. It is also in H2O (water) and it covers most of the earth since the earth is 96% water. 21% of earth’s atmosphere is oxygen and it is a very important resource for all humanity. It is also in rocks and soil, 50% of earth’s crust is soil which is half of the earth’s crust. Oxygen is gas at room temperature and solid at -217 degrees Celsius and/or -361.82 degrees Fahrenheit. Its isotopes are 0-15, 0-16, 0-17, 0-18. If there is a room full of oxygen and hydrogen, someone lights a match and the entire room will explode. Oxygen dissolves in cool water faster than in warm water. When other elements combine with oxygen it is called oxidation, usually creating a compound. Out of the entire 2015-12-07T20:58:01.333-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/OXYGEN-O-ESSAY-35155.aspx MEASURING HUMAN METABOLISM NV Report Introduction Research question: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how much power is released from a human while at rest. Hypothesis: The human body releases heat to its surroundings – even while rested. This phenomenon can be used to figure out the energy usage of a human. Theory: The normal processes happening in the human’s body end up in form of heat. This means it is possible to isolate the human inside a box where the temperature inside is measured as well as being aware of the humidity level, as it is a natural part of the human body to breathe out water as gas. The human will slowly generate power outside to his surroundings (which, in this case, is a box) until the surrounding temperature reaches a constant value. This means that a thermal equilibrium has been achieved, which literally means that the temperature inside and around the human are balanced. The relationship between the change of temperature in the box and the power given off by the person is determined by placing electric bulbs of known power (60W, 100W and 150W) in the box. Methodology Equipment: Thermometer, Hygrometer, a person, 3 different light bulbs (60W, 100W and 150W), An isolated box (big enough to fit a person), Procedure: In these experiments, I worked in a group consisting of four people. Experiment 1 (light bulb 60W): I had the experiment set up in advance. In the experiment I was set to do, I started by connecting a light bulb of 60W onto the roof of the box. I also made sure that the light bulb was turned on but not plugged in. The wire was outside the box. I used the thermometer to measure the temperature in the box when 0W is released and noted the result. I locked off the entrance to the box so it was more or less airtight and plugged in the light bulb. I then started a timer – though this is not necessary and is solely to keep track of time spent. Around the time where the temperature only increased slightly (47 minutes), I stopped the experiment and stopped the timer. I read off the new temperature from the thermometer and noted it. Experiment 2 (human): First off, I waited until the temperature inside the box had cooled down and reached the room temperature, as the warmth from the first experiment was still present. A friendly group mate volunteered to enter the box. Then 2015-05-04T06:57:59.26-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/MEASURING-HUMAN-METABOLISM-35109.aspx Think About Thin "From now on you'll eat what I tell you to .... this is the last time you'll refuse to eat. From now on..." ...Be 2013-04-03T15:15:32.757-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Eating-Disorders-34844.aspx HOW AirPLANES FLY Aerodynamic forces Essentially there are 4 aerodynamic forces that act on an airplane in flight; these are lift, drag, thrust and gravity (or weight). In simple terms, drag is the resistance of air (the backward force), thrust is the power of the airplane's engine (the forward force), lift is the upward force and gravity is the downward force. So for airplanes to fly and stay airborne, the thrust must be greater than the drag and the lift must be greater than the gravity (so as you can see, drag opposes thrust and lift opposes gravity). This is certainly the case when an airplane takes off or climbs. However, when it is in straight and level flight the opposing forces of lift and gravity are balanced. During a descent, gravity exceeds lift and to slow an airplane drag has to overcome thrust. The picture below shows how these 4 forces act on an airplane in flight Thrust is generated by the airplane's engine (propeller or jet), gravity is a natural force acting upon the airplane and drag comes from friction as the plane moves through air molecules. Drag is also a reaction to lift, and this lift must be generated by the airplane in flight. This is done by the wings of the airplane... The generation of lift is a widely discussed and sometimes disputed theory, but there are some key factors that nobody argues. A cross section of a typical airplane wing will show the top surface to be more curved than the bottom surface. This shaped profile is called an 'airfoil' (or 'aerofoil') and the shape exists because it's long been proven (since the dawn of flight) that an airfoil generates significantly more lift than opposing drag. During flight air naturally flows over and beneath the wing and is deflected upwards over the top surface and downwards beneath the lower surface. Any difference in deflection causes a difference in pressure ('pressure gradient') and because of the airfoil shape the pressure of the deflected air is lower above the airfoil than below it, hence the wing is 'pushed' upwards by the higher pressure beneath. One of the argued theories of lift generation is related to Newton's 3rd Law of Action & Reaction, whereby the air being deflected downwards off the lower surface of the wing creates an opposite reaction, effectively pushing the wing upwards. This may well be the case but it's the 2012-11-24T14:19:46.183-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/A-free-Research-Paper-on-How-Airplanes-Fly-34752.aspx "Visible light" redirects here. For light that cannot be seen with human eye, see Electromagnetic radiation. For other uses, see Light (disambiguation) and Visible light (disambiguation). The Sun is Earth's primary source of light. About 44% of the sun's electromagnetic radiation that reaches the ground is in the visible light range.Visible light (commonly referred to simply as light) is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight.[1] Visible light has a wavelength in the range of about 380 nanometres to about 740 nm – between the invisible infrared, with longer wavelengths and the invisible ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths. Primary properties of visible light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarisation, while its speed in a vacuum, 299,792,458 meters per second (about 300,000 kilometers per second), is one of the fundamental constants of nature. Visible light, as with all types of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), is experimentally found to always move at this speed in vacuum. In common with all types of EMR, visible light is emitted and absorbed in tiny "packets" called photons, and exhibits properties of both waves and particles. This property is referred to as the wave–particle duality. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics. In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not.[2][3] This article focuses on visible light. See the electromagnetic radiation article for the general term. Speed of visible lightMain article: Speed of light The speed of light in a vacuum is defined to be exactly 299,792,458 m/s (approximately 186,282 miles per second). The fixed value of the speed of light in SI units results from the fact that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light. All forms of electromagnetic radiation are believed to move at exactly this same speed in vacuum. Different physicists have attempted to measure the speed of light throughout history. Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light in the seventeenth century. An early experiment to measure the speed of light was conducted by Ole Rømer, a Danish physicist, in 1676. Using a telescope, Rømer observed the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io. Noting discrepancies in the apparent period of Io's orbit, he calculated that light takes about 22 minutes to traverse the diameter of Earth's orbit.[4] However, its size was not 2012-11-22T08:40:22.057-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Light-34749.aspx Rutherford was aware of the nuclear energy trapped in the atom. He thought the energy could not be utilised efficiently and he hoped that methods would not be discovered until man was at peace with his neighbors. Discuss. In this essay I am going to discuss Rutherford’s impact on science and nuclear energy. Also share some of my opinions about the usage of nuclear power. Ernest Rutherford was a physicist and a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry. He became known as the ‘father’ of nuclear physics. He is best known for being the first man to split the atom and the discovery of the proton. Another important fact about Rutherford’s scientific career was that he mentored 9 students who went onto win Nobel Prizes later on in their life. He has left behind quite a legacy too; an element is named after him also a crater on Mars and the moon are named after him. I think what he said about the use of nuclear technology was very insightful as what he foresaw happening if the technology was indeed harnessed was correct. He was right to say that the energy could not be ‘utilised efficiently’ as they ended up making a devastating bomb and led to the end of the second world war but the peace was short-lived as it transformed into the cold war which involved a nuclear arms race where America and the Soviet Union made nuclear bombs bigger and better. But luckily this mass pile up of nuclear explosives did not result with a war because attacking the opposing country would mean that the destruction of the attacking country also, this was called mutually assured destruction (MAD). My stand on nuclear energy is that I disagree with the use of it. Nuclear energy is not a good choice as an energy source because of the various disadvantages of this source of energy. One of the problems with nuclear power is that the difficulty with the management of radioactive waste is still unsolved and this highly dangerous material has to be carefully looked after for more then 8000 years which could be hazardous for future generations as well unless we can come up with some solution in the near future. Also there is the prospect of an accident which would be very dangerous for the surrounding populated areas (for example: The Chernobyl accident in April, 1986, in Russia). Moreover the technology used for 2008-08-06T05:20:37-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Argument-Against-Nuclear-Power-and-Biography-of-Rutherford-33657.aspx The Chaos Theory Where Chaos begins, classical science ends. Ever since physicists have inquired into the laws of nature, the have not begun to explore irregular side of nature, the erratic and discontinuous side, that have always puzzled scientists. They did not attempt to understand disorder in the atmosphere, the turbulent sea, the oscillations of the heart and brain, and the fluctuations of wildlife populations. All of these things were taken for granted until in the 1970's some American and European scientists began to investigate the randomness of nature. They were physicists, biologists, chemists and mathematicians but they were all seeking one thing: connections between different kinds of irregularity. Physiologists found a surprising order in the chaos that develops in the human heart, the prime cause of a sudden, unexplained death. Ecologists explored the rise and fall of gypsy moth populations. Economists dug out old stock price data and tried a new kind of analysis. The insights that emerged led directly into the natural world - the shapes of clouds, the paths of lightning, the microscopic intertwining of blood vessels, and the galactic clustering of stars. The man most responsible for coming up with the Chaos theory was Mitchell Feigenbaum, who was one of a handful of scientists at Los Alamos, New Mexico when he first started thinking about Chaos. Feigenbaum was a little known scientist from New York, with only one published work to his name. He was working on nothing very important, like quasi periodicity, in which he and only he had 26 hour days instead of the usual 24. He gave that up because he could not bear to wake up to setting sun, which happened periodically. He spent most of time watching clouds from the hiking trails above the laboratory. To him cloud represented a side of nature that the mainstream of physics had passed by, a side that was fuzzy and detailed, and structured yet unpredictable. He thought about these things quietly, without producing any work. After he started looking, chaos seemed to be everywhere. A flag snaps back and forth in the wind. A dripping faucet changes from a steady pattern to a random one. A rising column of smoke disappears into random swirls. The Chaos Theory is also called Nonlinear Dynamics, or the complexity theory. They all mean the same thing though a scientific discipline which is based on the study of nonlinear systems. To 2008-05-22T08:16:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Chaos-Theory--33600.aspx Nuclear Energy is produced when atoms split and they produce large amounts of energy. This energy is released in heat form. As atom fragments collide with each other they split again and produce more heat. A nuclear power plant uses the heat energy produced by the split atom to conduct heat. Nuclear energy is created through steam turbines the generate electricity. Nuclear energy benefits in large areas but can produce the worst of things to not just happen to the workers but to the whole city or nation. Advantages for Australia Australia currently receives eighty percent of its electricity by fossil fuels such as coal. With nuclear energy, carbon emissions could drop making global warming less of an issue. Nuclear energy is the best known source of energy that does not harm the environment. Nuclear energy doesn’t pollute the air with no production of carbon dioxide or any sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. Nuclear materials can be used for other sources than just energy. Medical diagnosis and therapy can use nuclear energy to carry out medical procedures. In addition nuclear materials can also be used to kill bacteria, insects and parasites from food. Is could help in Australia’s Agriculture. Nuclear material can also benefit in different areas such as Industry, Space Exploration and Scientific research. Disadvantages for Australia Nuclear power plant remain dangerous, safety is said to be a myth. Nuclear still remains as the most dangerous form of energy. Another Chernobyl accident is possible at anytime to any power plant worldwide. Even after twenty years of the incident people locally are still suffering from health issues. During normal procedures, radioactive materials are continually discharged into air and water. A solution should be devised before nuclear energy is introduced in Australia. How will the radioactive waste be disposed of? Most highly radioactive waste is spent in isolation for up to hundreds and thousands of years. Areas affected by high radioactivity are dangerous and affect many people in cancer and birth defects. There is not a single disposal option of radioactive waste worldwide. Most common radioactive waste in foreign countries is buried underground. Money is a major issue in the production of nuclear power plants in Australia. The cost to establish a power plant is coming out if the normal tax payer’s pocket. Interest rates would rise to continue the production of the power plant. People could become homeless without the money to pay the 2008-04-04T11:13:13-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Nuclear-Energy--33555.aspx I. What is a wave A wave is a disturbance that carries energy through matter or space. II. Most waves travel through a medium i. sound travels as a wave a. the air through which sound travels is its medium ii. earth quakes make waves called seismic waves that travel through earth a. medium- the matter through which a wave travels b. waves that require a medium to travel through are called mechanical waves 1. almost all waves are mechanical waves 2. an exception to this is electromagnetic waves III. Light does not require a medium i. light can travel from the sun to the earth across the empty space ii. this is possible because light waves do not need a medium to t ravel through iii. light waves consist of changing electric and magnetic fields in space a. electromagnetic waves- a wave caused by a disturbance in electric and magnetic fields and that does not require a medium IV. Waves transfer energy i. waves carry energy because they can do work. ii. Ii. The bigger the wave is, the more energy it carries a. A cruise ship moving through water in the ocean could create waves big enough to move a fishing boat up and down a few meters. iii. Tsunami- a huge ocean wave caused by earthquakes a. A tsunami may be as high as 30 meters when it reaches the shore 1. such waves carry enough energy to cause a lot of damage to costal towns and shore lines V. Energy may spread out as a wave travels i. when you are standing next to the speakers at a rock concert, the sound will damage your ears, however if you 100m from them, the sound is not as loud a. this is because sound waves spread out over a larger area ii. When sound waves travel in air, the waves spread out in spheres a. These spheres are similar to the circular ripples on a pond. 1. as they travel outward, the spherical wave fronts get bigger, so the energy in the waves spreads out over a larger area. 2. this is why large speakers and amplifiers are need to fill a concert hall. VI. Vibrations and Waves i. when a singer sings a note, the vocal cords in the singer’s throat move back and forth. a. that motion makes the air in the throat vibrate, creating sound waves that eventually reach your ears. b. The vibration of the air in your ears causes your eardrums to vibrate 1. the motion the eardrum triggers a series of electrical pulses to your brain, and your brain interprets them as sounds. ii. most waves are caused by a 2008-02-04T18:46:30-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Property-of-Waves--33512.aspx Describe the physics involved in the safety features in cars. Introduction Every minute, on average, at least two people die in a crash. If you read this essay from start to finish, 20 or more deaths will have occurred across the globe by the time you are done. Road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths (the leading cause) with an estimated 1.2 million deaths (2004) each year as said by the World Health Organization. Car crashes will also injure at least 10 million people this year, two or three million of them seriously. All told, the hospital bills, damaged property, and other costs will add up to 1-3 percent of the world's gross domestic product, according to the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. For the United States alone, the tally will amount to roughly US $200 billion. This essay will discuss how engineers have been chipping away at these staggering numbers over the past 50 years. History Car safety has been an issue since the automobile was first invented, and was highlighted when Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot crashed his steam-powered "Fardier" against a wall in 1771.One of the earliest recorded automobile fatalities was Mary Ward, on August 31, 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland. In the 1940’s there was much work being done with safety in airplanes. A lot of this work focused on the take off and landing process, as this was were most plane crashes occurred. This resulted in many improvements with the overall workings of the planes, such as brakes and engines, but also resulted in many safety features being created for the inside of the plane and its passengers. This research was the first of its kind, and many of its results started to flow over into the car-making field, and before long, safety features in cars became an industry of its own. Today there are many new products being developed every day, from night vision technology being built into windscreens, to collision avoidance systems with advanced microprocessors, radars, high-speed ICs, and signal-processing chips that take control of the car if it senses an imminent crash. There are two different types of safety features being produced today, and they can be classified into passive and active safety features. Passive safety features try to limit the damage that a car, and therefore its passenger, will sustain during a crash, and active safety features try to stop the car from 2007-11-11T08:36:57-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Safety-Features-in-Cars--33411.aspx Albert Einstein Biographical Essay (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."[1] Einstein's many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation. His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary action, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and their application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules, atomic transition probabilities, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas, thermal properties of light with low radiation density (which laid the foundation for the photon theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission, the conception of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics. Works by Albert Einstein include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books.[2][3] In 1999 Einstein was named Time magazine's "Person of the Century", and a poll of prominent physicists named him the greatest physicist of all time.[4] In popular culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius. Albert Einstein was born into a Jewish family in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded a company, Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie that manufactured electrical equipment, providing the first lighting for the Oktoberfest and cabling for the Munich suburb of Schwabing. The Einsteins were not observant of Jewish religious practices, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school. Although Albert had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.[5][6] Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14), taken before the family moved to ItalyWhen Albert was five, his father showed him a pocket compass. Albert realized that something in empty space was moving the needle and later stated that this experience made "a deep and lasting impression".[7] At his mother's insistence, he took violin lessons starting at age six, and although he disliked them and eventually quit, he later took great pleasure in Mozart's violin sonatas. As he grew, Albert built models and mechanical devices for fun, and 2007-11-01T22:07:47-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Albert-Einstein-Biography-33378.aspx Introduction Chapter 3, “Capacitance,” contains laboratory experiments designed to explore the relationship between voltage and the amount of charge stored in an object. These experiments involve measuring electrical properties of capacitors in series, in parallel, while charging, discharging, and at varying widths between the surfaces. Hands-on experience and resulting data should provide insight into the nature of capacitance. Theory In order to charge an object, a certain amount of energy is required to transfer charge to that object. The energy per unit of charge is called voltage. Given a certain voltage, charge can be transferred to an object until the amount of energy that is required to add more charge exceeds the energy potential. A derived unit is useful for expressing the capacity of charge (in Coulombs) that can be transferred to an object per unit of voltage (in Volts). Therefore, a unit of capacitance called the Farad exists, and is defined as C = Q/V. A capacitor comprised of two parallel surfaces will have a capacitance equal to 8.85 ρF/m, times the area of one of the plates, divided by the distance between them. When sharing the charge applied to one capacitor with a second capacitor, charge is conserved, therefore Vf * (C1 + C2) = Vi * C1. When discharging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = V0 * e-t/RC. When charging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = Vf – Vf * e-t/RC. Experiments 3.5.2: Charging a Capacitor This experiment required a 9V battery, a voltmeter, and voltage a follower that were assembled in this way: The battery and voltage follower ground contacts were connected to the volt meter ground, while the voltage follower output was connected to the positive terminal of the volt meter. To measure the voltage across the 0.033 μF capacitor, I connected one end of the capacitor to the positive lead from the voltage follower, and connected the other end to the ground. To charge the capacitor, I touched the positive probe from the 9V battery to the ungrounded side of the capacitor. The voltmeter displayed 8.90 V after removing the battery probe. Therefore, the charge on the capacitor was 0.033 μF * 8.90 V = 0.294 μC. 3.6.1: Measuring Unknown Capacitance This experiment was the same as the previous one, except that after the capacitor was charged, a second one was connected to it in parallel. When 2007-10-24T05:04:31-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Capacitance--33362.aspx Based on Casimir theory , bodies can escape the gravity. If we restrict this anti-gravity quality to human body , we can notice this specification in technical used in some martial arts. The body-mind link is able to collapse laws of nature.If we should search for tools to arming mankind to incarnating his dreams in the domain of time travel and reaching the far galaxies and deep space , we can find it inside of human 2007-08-22T02:08:53-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Casimir-s-Theory-Quantum-Parallel-Worlds-33314.aspx Lesson In Physics Archimedes, Sophocles, Hitler, Peter, and Orwell are just some of the few men in history that have tried to predict the future, with may of them predicting the downfall of civilization. But, although many of these great thinkers have come startlingly close to the stark reality in which we live. Many have argued the opinion that our culture most resembles that of Orwell’s creation, but I disagree for a number of very important and relevant reasons. First, Orwell feared that censorship would be rampant in society, with government controlling every single printed piece of paper. This is certainly not so, especially with many journalistic companies printing negative opinions of the government. Plus, why would the government really have to censor articles in this day and age? A poll done by the Associated Press showed that over thirty percent of teenagers thought our current president was Al Gore, and I would bet anything that the typical high school senior has no idea what 1984 and Brave New World are. I fear that within the next two generations the literacy rate will take a dramatic fall off of its current perch, just as Huxley has suggested - people will not want to read anymore. Furthermore, how do most people generally spend most of their time? Pleasuring themselves. Our culture is no longer immersed in trying to better itself. It is mostly concerned with “playtime,” or, if we do better ourselves, it is usually in a form that exerts more physical pleasure. In Orwell’s vision, there was no pleasure. People were driven by fear and unmercifulness. While, in Huxley’s revelation, society was driven by pleasure, much like ours is today. With crack, cocaine, pot, smack, ludes, horse, and Whiffy Puff whipped cream, we are a people that thrives on the “10-minute high.” Just as drugs are to us, soma was to Huxley’s world. Another aspect of Orwell’s world in which we do not share is that of warfare. True, we are always in constant conflict with another country, but do we really purposefully wage war? I do not believe we do. In fact, I would go as far to say that we prevent war more than anything. For example, the spy plane incident in China was not very good. 2007-04-25T19:21:44-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Lesson-In-Physics--33120.aspx The Physics of Galileo Galileo a great Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. By his persistent investigation of natural laws he laid foundations for modern experimental science, and by the construction of astronomical telescopes he greatly enlarged humanity's vision and conception of the universe. He gave a mathematical formulation to many physical laws. His mission was to study the chemical composition and physical state of the largest planet in the solar system, its atmosphere, and four of its moons, for almost two years. The spacecraft encountered the asteroid 951 Gaspra on Oct. 29, 1991, and took the first close-up photographs ever of an asteroid in space. On Aug. 28, 1993, it passed by asteroid 243 Ida and took close-up photographs, which revealed that Ida has a tiny moon. Upon arrival at Jupiter, Galileo released a probe into the planet's atmosphere that descended for 57 minutes before it was destroyed by the planet's extreme temperature and pressure. In 1996, Galileo visited and photographed Jupiter's large moons Io, Callisto, and Europa and made flybys of Io, Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto in 1997. Galileo was named for the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four great moons of Jupiter that were the major targets of this mission. Galileo initially worked with and established his expertise in the study of terrestrial dynamics. Galileo's beginning experiments with the pendulum, and it's movement, were what later spurred on the very important mid 17th century development of the pendulum clock timepiece by Hautefeuille. If Galileo had only chosen to stick with his primary field of scientific endeavor, then he would have most likely gotten lost among a larger field of astronomers and inventors of his time and age. Galileo ended up fathering a brand new branch of astronomy, laying the building blocks of modern astronomy, and changing his own life and destiny forever. Galileo has often been credited with the invention of the telescope. However, this is not exactly correct. In 1609 Galileo heard of a Dutch spectacle-maker, Hans Lipperhey, who had combined a pair of lenses to magnify distant objects. Galileo then took this idea and created his own telescope for purposes of gazing at the heavens and stars. 2007-04-23T03:32:09-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Physics-of-Galileo-33082.aspx Physics of How a Jet Engine Works The idea of utilizing the physical principle of reaction on a large scale by means of rockets is usually attributed to China in the thirteenth century. Not until after the Second World War, however, did rocket technology mature to a state which made the idea of space travel a practical possibility, owing largely to a giant step forward during the war itself. Although earliest models of the steam turbine date back as early as the 17th century, practical applications of the turbine engine had to wait until the turn of the 20th century. Today, the gas turbine engine is the most widespread and most effective method of aircraft propulsion, having almost totally displaced the reciprocating engine, which, up to the 1960s, was the common power source in aviation. There are four types of engines I will be talking about; the turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, or the turbo shaft. The gas turbine represents one of the most technological achievements in aviation, the successful introduction of which made possible a tremendous acceleration of progress in all fields of aviation. Some of the historical milestones that are major steps toward turbine engine development, ending in the use of the gas turbine for aircraft propulsion are as follows: 1687 - the English philosopher and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulates three laws of motion which form the basis of modern jet propulsion, according to which: 1) a body remains either at rest, or in motion of constant velocity, unless an external force acts on the body; 2) the sum of forces acting on a body equals the product of the body’s mass times acceleration produced by these forces ( i.e. force = mass times acceleration); 3) for every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction along the same line as the original force. 1791 - John Barber, an Englishmen, was granted a patent for a gas driven turbine engine which utilized the thermodynamic cycle of the modern gass turbine. The power plant was to be comprised of a gass generator with compressor, combustion chamber and a turbine wheel - components that are fundamental to today’s engine. This engine was never built. 1918 - Sanford Moss, at General Electric in the United States, develops an exhaust turbo-charger for reciprocating 2007-04-18T18:42:24-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Physics-of-How-a-Jet-Engine-Works-33010.aspx The Emerging Science of Chaos and its Theories Chaos, making a NEW science? Now wait, you might be thinking now that you are very familiar with chaos. Well, it’s been in your room for as long as you can think back and some might even admit that it’s in their minds… So what’s so very new and amazing about it???? Don’t we encounter chaos everywhere in our everyday-lives, for example if we repeatedly curse the poor weather forecaster on TV for the wrong prediction and in fact it can’t be more than a prediction or have you ever wondered who designs the beautifully complex snowflakes???? And what about the column of smoke from a cigarette which first rises steadily, but then breaks into wild swirls??? And have you ever thought of chaos as a science or theory like the quantum theory or Einstein’s theory of relativity? Probably not and this is exactly what scientists still thought just 20 years ago because the problem of chaos is a deep problem. Author: James Gleick, the author of this truly captivating book, has actually created an account or a kind of collection of all the research on chaos done by more than hundred scientists since the Sixties. He was born in New York City and graduated from Harvard College. Furthermore, he was an editor and reporter at the New York Times for ten years and currently lives in New York with his wife and son. “Chaos, making a new science” or “The amazing science of the unpredictable” was a 1987 National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize nominee, the famous prize for journalism and letters. The laws of chaos can be understood in so many ways that not even scientists could agree on them, but I will try my best at introducing you to this new scientific world step by step in the presentation to come. One way of putting it is to say that “where chaos begins, classical science stops”. But what does chaos in this new scientific sense mean? Let’s start with how this idea of chaos arose! For as long as the world has had physicists inquiring into the laws of nature it has seen a special ignorance about disorder in the universe, like the turbulent sea or clouds that seem to chase each other over the sky, just to name two. These were highly non-linear problems and 2006-12-29T16:16:07-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Emerging-Science-of-Chaos-and-its-Theories-32162.aspx Pendulum Laboratory Write Up A simple pendulum consists of a mass called the pendulum bob suspended from a support by a thread. A complete vibration of a pendulum consists of one swing over and one swing back. The time for a complete vibration is called the period (T) of a pendulum. This is usually measured in seconds. When a pendulum swings through a small arc, its bob is undergoing sample harmonic motion. The force causing the bob to swing along its arc is greatest when its speed is least. The force is least when the speed of the bob is the greatest. Objectives: During this investigation you will: (a) Test the effect of the certain variables on the period of a pendulum. (b) Learn to use a graphical method as a means of determining mathematical relationships that describe physical phenomenon. Procedure: 1. Suspend the 50-gram and the 100-gram pendulum side by side. Make each pendulum the same length (50 cm as measured from the point of support to the center of each bob). 2. Using a ruler, pull the bobs aside together to the same height (about simultaneously by quickly dropping the ruler. Observe the two bobs of different mass as they swing through their arcs. Record you observations in the Data and Calculations section. 3. Start the bobs swinging simultaneously again, but this time release each from a different height. Observe the bobs to see if they both arrive at the bottom of their swings together. Do they each swing through their different arcs in the same or different times? Observe over several swings. Record you observations in the Data and Calculations section. 4. Remove one of the pendulum. Vary the length of the remaining pendulum by grasping the thread at different distances from the bob and allowing the bob to swing through several vibrations. Record your observations in the Data and Calculations section. 5. To be more quantitative, use your stopwatch to measure the time required for pendulum of different lengths to swing through 40 complete vibrations. Begin with the 50-cm pendulum. Record this time in Table 13-1. 6. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for each of the pendulum lengths listed in the table. Enter your data in 13-1. Observations: 2006-12-07T19:33:01-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Pendulum-Laboratory-Write-Up-31935.aspx Principles of engineering a D12-5 model rocket motor The letter is the total impulse, the first number is the average thrust and the second number is the time delay. The motor in the figure is a class D total impulse engine with an average thrust of 12 Newtons(pounds) and a time delay of 5 seconds. Total Impulse The letter indicates the total impulse class of the engine, which is effectively the amount of fuel in the engine. The total impulse is the total momentum change that an engine can impart to a rocket. Total impulse is measured in Newton-seconds (pound-seconds). The standard impulse class for each letter is shown in the following table. Class Total Impulse Newton-sec 1/4A 0.000 - 0.625 1/2A 0.626 - 1.25 A 1.260 - 2.50 B 2.510 - 5.00 C 5.010 - 10.0 D 10.01 - 20.0 E 20.01 - 40.0 F 40.01 - 80.0 G 80.01 - 160.0 H 160.01 - 320.0 Each class is double the impulse of the class below it, so as you increase the class of the engines, you double the amount of fuel each contains and double the amount of momentum you can give to a rocket Average Thrust The number following the letter indicates the average thrust of the engine in Newtons (pounds). Because the amount of fuel in an engine is fixed by the class letter, an engine with higher average thrust burns up its fuel more quickly than one with lower average thrust. As a result, the duration of a burn is roughly equal to the total impulse divided by the average thrust. The graph below shows the typical thrust profile for an engine with an average thrust of about 6 Newtons. Typical engine thrust profile. A typical engine starts with an initial high thrust for a fraction of a second, which is useful for getting things moving. It then settles down and burns the remainder of the propellant at a relatively constant rate. Time Delay The last number on an engine is the time delay, in seconds, to activation of the recovery system. The propellant in a model rocket typically burns up in about 1 second. At that point, the rocket is still moving upward at a high rate of speed. The time delay allows the rocket to continue up to its highest point before activating its recovery system. The time delay is achieved with a smoke charge that also 2006-11-15T22:28:06-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Principles-of-Engineering-a-D12-5-Model-Rcket-Motor-31745.aspx The Science of Soundwaves and Their Applications The science of the sound wave is important in everyday life, from its use in car mufflers to the high tech office. In this paper I’m going to talk about the sound wave and describe its characteristics, show how this science was applied to muffler design, and computer design. Sound is a pressure wave that consists of tiny fluctuations in the air pressure. The amplitude in general, is the maximum change in value of a parameter during the oscillation of a wave. In amplitude, that parameter will usually be pressure. The amplitude of a sound is the loudness of the sound. In illustration, this is the distance between a peak or trough. See illustration on previous page. The frequency is defined as the number of vibrations, oscillations, or cycles in a repeating process occurring per unit time. In the context of sound, it is the number of compressions passing a fixed point of reference in one second. The resulting unit of frequency is called Hertz (Hz). Frequency is perceived as pitch. Intensity is the rate at which sound energy flows through a defined area. Since the flow of energy is power, the dimensions of sound intensity are power/area. Usually, sound intensity is measured in watts/meter2. Intensity is perceived as loudness. Interference is a synonym for superposition. Constructive interference is the amplitude of the combined wave, which is created by superposition and is greater than the amplitude of either component wave. Destructive interference is the amplitude of the combined wave created by superposition and is less than the amplitude of either component wave. Superposition is a concept that describes the way in which sound waves, and waves more generally, interact. In essence, two waves passing through the same point in space at the same time combine in a linear fashion to create a single new wave. If the displacement from equilibrium caused by the first wave equals "a" and the displacement from equilibrium caused by the second wave equals "b", the resulting displacement from equilibrium for the combined wave will be "a + b". This is an algebraic addition. Since "a" and "b" can be positive, negative, or equal to zero, the resulting sum can also be positive, negative, or equal to 2006-11-04T19:04:31-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Science-of-Soundwaves-and-Their-Applications-31696.aspx The foundations of the Endocrine System consist of hormones and glands. These glands are ductless and their secretions are sent through the bloodstream. Endocrine glands also control bodily metabolic activity. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, the pancreas, and the reproductive glands, which include the ovaries and testes. The endocrine system has three basic functions, regulate metabolic functions of the body, regulate rate of chemical reactions in various cells, and to influence the ability of substances to transport themselves through cell membranes. The endocrine system works in the following way, a hormone is secreted, it travels from the endocrine gland through the bloodstream to the target cells. Along the way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the hormones. The special proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is available to interact with and affect the target cells. Also, the target cells have receptors that latch onto only specific hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor, so that each hormone will communicate only with specific target cells that possess receptors for that hormone. When the hormone reaches its target cell, it locks onto the cell's specific receptors and these hormone-receptor combinations transmit chemical instructions to the inner workings of the cell. There are many things that can go wrong with the endocrine system. For example, Adrenal insufficiency, which causes weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration, and skin changes. Malfunctions in the endocrine system also result in diabetes type 1 and 2. Diabetes is when the pancreas, an endocrine gland, fails to produce enough insulin. Some symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination, and weight loss. Another malfunction of the endocrine system can be growth hormone problems. Growth hormone in children who are still growing will make their bones and other body parts grow excessively, resulting in gigantism. This rare condition is usually caused by a pituitary tumor and can be treated by removing the tumor. There are many other problems that revolve around the endocrine system such as Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Cushing syndrome. In conclusion the glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release influence almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies. It is also in charge of cell 2006-10-02T23:44:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Endocrine-System--31476.aspx The foundations of the Endocrine System consist of hormones and glands. These glands are ductless and their secretions are sent through the bloodstream. Endocrine glands also control bodily metabolic activity. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, the pancreas, and the reproductive glands, which include the ovaries and testes. The endocrine system has three basic functions, regulate metabolic functions of the body, regulate rate of chemical reactions in various cells, and to influence the ability of substances to transport themselves through cell membranes. The endocrine system works in the following way, a hormone is secreted, it travels from the endocrine gland through the bloodstream to the target cells. Along the way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the hormones. The special proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is available to interact with and affect the target cells. Also, the target cells have receptors that latch onto only specific hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor, so that each hormone will communicate only with specific target cells that possess receptors for that hormone. When the hormone reaches its target cell, it locks onto the cell's specific receptors and these hormone-receptor combinations transmit chemical instructions to the inner workings of the cell. There are many things that can go wrong with the endocrine system. For example, Adrenal insufficiency, which causes weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration, and skin changes. Malfunctions in the endocrine system also result in diabetes type 1 and 2. Diabetes is when the pancreas, an endocrine gland, fails to produce enough insulin. Some symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination, and weight loss. Another malfunction of the endocrine system can be growth hormone problems. Growth hormone in children who are still growing will make their bones and other body parts grow excessively, resulting in gigantism. This rare condition is usually caused by a pituitary tumor and can be treated by removing the tumor. There are many other problems that revolve around the endocrine system such as Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Cushing syndrome. In conclusion the glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release influence almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies. It is also in charge of cell growth and also works together with the nervous system to complete many task of the body. Lastly the 2006-10-02T23:39:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Human-Anatomy-31475.aspx Lab Report on Wet Trapping Lab To ensure proper trap 2006-08-29T15:26:31-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Lab-Report-on-Wet-Trapping-Lab-31369.aspx Scientific Review of "The Cartoon Guide to Physics" I read this book called, "The Cartoon Guide to Physics." In this book the author explains how the law of physics work and the cartoonist gives a visual explanation which helped me understand how the equation works, since I'm a visual person. This paper is about a book titled "The Cartoon Guide to Physics." This book explains complicated physics equations using cartoons. This approach helped me a great deal because I understand things better if I can picture them in my mind. This book was very good for me because I could see the equation and read it at the same time which is very helpful. This book talked about all kinds of problems and situations used in the study of physics. Almost everything on this earth revolves around physics. Examples of Motion like birds flying, tress falling, and this world revolving. The whole universe is in motion. Because of this book I understood the law of motion and the equation, which this book gave an example of, such as D=V(T). D= for distance, V=for Velocity (speed), and T= for Time. The author explains this by using the motion of a car. I also understood the concepts of how "natural" motion of Celestial objects like the moon and stars was Circular, while Terrestrial objects like apples, rocks, and I tend "naturally" to fall down. If the moon naturally moves in a circle, we don't need any gravity to explain its motion. But when earthly objects fall, it comes to rest unless some force pushes them sideways. Galileo claims that no force is needed to keep an object in a uniform, straight-line motion. Things cannot travel in a straight line forever because the force of friction slows it down. Isaac Newton summarized Galileo's idea. Newton's First Law: an object at rest tends to stay at rest. An object in motion tends to continue in motion at constant speed in a straight line. This means that if there were no forces, objects would move with constant velocity. Newton's Second law: F=m(a), the more force on an object, the more it accelerates. But the more massive it is, the more it resists acceleration. This means that if I push a grocery cart with a lot of force, the faster the cart would go. But if I try to push a building, the 2006-08-25T17:21:52-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Scientific-Review-of-The-Cartoon-Guide-to-Physics-31272.aspx Do you wan know about Quantum mechanics, you can find things everywhere? You don’t know where to start? Right answer is start from your mind. Description of the theory There are a number of mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics. One of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the transformation theory invented by Cambridge theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the two earliest formulations of quantum mechanics, matrix mechanics (invented by Werner Heisenberg) and wave mechanics (invented by Erwin Schrödinger). In this formulation, the instantaneous state of a quantum system encodes the probabilities of its measurable properties, or "observables". Examples of observables include energy, position, momentum, and angular momentum. Observables can be either continuous (e.g., the position of a particle) or discrete (e.g., the energy of an electron bound to a hydrogen atom). Generally, quantum mechanics does not assign definite values to observables. Instead, it makes predictions about probability distributions; that is, the probability of obtaining each of the possible outcomes from measuring an observable. Naturally, these probabilities will depend on the quantum state at the instant of the measurement. There are, however, certain states that are associated with a definite value of a particular observable. These are known as "eigenstates" of the observable ("eigen" meaning "own" in German). In the everyday world, it is natural and intuitive to think of everything being in an eigenstate of every observable. Everything appears to have a definite position, a definite momentum, and a definite time of occurrence. However, Quantum Mechanics does not pinpoint the exact values for the position or momentum of a certain particle in a given space in a finite time, but, rather, it only provides a range of probabilities of where that particle might be. Therefore, it became necessary to use different words for a) the state of something having an uncertainty relation and b) a state that has a definite value. The latter is called the "eigenstate" of the property being measured. A concrete example will be useful here. Let us consider a free particle. In quantum mechanics, there is wave-particle duality so the properties of the particle can be described as a wave. Therefore, its quantum state can be represented as a wave, of arbitrary shape and extending over all of space, called a wavefunction. The position and momentum of the particle are observables. The Uncertainty Principle of quantum mechanics states that 2006-08-08T04:09:46-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Essay-on-The-Theory-of-Quantum-Mechanics-31159.aspx Do you wan know about Quantum mechanics, you can find things everywhere? You don’t know where to start? Right answer is Being from your mind. Description of the theory There are a number of mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics. One of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the transformation theory invented by Cambridge theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the two earliest formulations of quantum mechanics, matrix mechanics (invented by Werner Heisenberg) and wave mechanics (invented by Erwin Schrödinger). In this formulation, the instantaneous state of a quantum system encodes the probabilities of its measurable properties, or "observables". Examples of observables include energy, position, momentum, and angular momentum. Observables can be either continuous (e.g., the position of a particle) or discrete (e.g., the energy of an electron bound to a hydrogen atom). Generally, quantum mechanics does not assign definite values to observables. Instead, it makes predictions about probability distributions; that is, the probability of obtaining each of the possible outcomes from measuring an observable. Naturally, these probabilities will depend on the quantum state at the instant of the measurement. There are, however, certain states that are associated with a definite value of a particular observable. These are known as "eigenstates" of the observable ("eigen" meaning "own" in German). In the everyday world, it is natural and intuitive to think of everything being in an eigenstate of every observable. Everything appears to have a definite position, a definite momentum, and a definite time of occurrence. However, Quantum Mechanics does not pinpoint the exact values for the position or momentum of a certain particle in a given space in a finite time, but, rather, it only provides a range of probabilities of where that particle might be. Therefore, it became necessary to use different words for a) the state of something having an uncertainty relation and b) a state that has a definite value. The latter is called the "eigenstate" of the property being measured. A concrete example will be useful here. Let us consider a free particle. In quantum mechanics, there is wave-particle duality so the properties of the particle can be described as a wave. Therefore, its quantum state can be represented as a wave, of arbitrary shape and extending over all of space, called a wavefunction. The position and momentum of the particle are observables. The Uncertainty Principle of quantum mechanics states that both the position and the momentum 2006-08-08T03:57:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Quantum-Mechanic-31158.aspx How Lagrangians drive modern theory Lagrangian theory (as well as Hamiltonian theory) has a highly influential role in modern physics, there being many remarkable uses to which ti can be put. For example, there is an important theorem, known as Nther’s theorem, which tells us that, if an ordinary Lagrangian possesses some continuous (smooth) symmetry, then there will be a conservation law associated with that symmetry. In particular, if there is invariance of the Lagrangian under time translation (i.e. independent of time), then there is a conserved energy; if it is invariant under some spatial translation, then a momentum is conserved. Furthermore, if there is invariance under angular rotation about some axis, then there 2006-08-08T03:19:00-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/How-Lagrangian-Drive-Modern-Theory-31156.aspx Calibration Lab Report The purpose of the lab that was completed was to determine the validity and reliability of an electronic spirometer, using a water spirometer as a reference. Calibration is an important tool in determining whether or not an instrument is valid and reliable. The validity of an instrument is the extent to which a procedure accomplishes what it seeks out to accomplish. Validity can be determined by checking an instrument against another similar instrument. From the tests run between the two instruments, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) can be determined. This coefficient is a statistic that quantifies the magnitude of the relationship between two separate variables. The coefficient can range from negative 1 to positive 1. If the number is closer to positive one this means that when the variable increases, so does the other one. When the coefficient is closer to negative one this means when the variable increases, the other one does the opposite. Lastly, if the coefficient is closer to zero this means there is no relationship, positive or negative. The coefficient r can be determined from the following equation: r = N(sumXY)(sumY)/ ¡îN(sum x©÷-(sum x)©÷)(N)(sum y©÷-(sum y)©÷). The coefficient r can then be used to determine the shared variance between the two variables. Shared variance can be determined by the following equation: Shared Variance = r©÷*100. If the shared variance is 75% or better, this means there is a high correlation between the two variables. If the shared variance is between 50-75%, this means there is a moderate correlation between the two variables. Finally, if the shared variance is below 25%, this means there is a low correlation. The reliability of a procedure is also very important. The reliability is the ability of an instrument or procedure to reproduce duplicate measurements. The reliability of a procedure is also calculated using Pearson’s coefficient. It turns out that the reliability coefficient is usually higher than the validity coefficient, since with the reliability test you are not comparing two different procedures or instruments, but the same one; and one would expect that if a procedure was repeated using the exact same instruments then the results would be very similar. Before any instruments were tested the humidity, barometric pressure, and temperature were recorded. The PH2O was determined by using 2006-07-31T19:03:35-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Calibration-Lab-Report-30904.aspx A Better Understanding of Physics Throughout this year, I have greatly enjoyed doing labs in Physics class. Not only did I have fun while doing these labs, but also learned a lot from them. By doing these labs, the abstract concepts that I learned by reading the textbooks came alive; I was able to experience firsthand the wonder of physics. The lab that I enjoyed the most doing was the Egg Drop Lab. It is quite obvious why anyone would like doing this lab. It was very interesting trying to come up with the container that would keep the egg from cracking. I was able to try out my own theories and see if they worked. It was also very exciting when they worked. The lab that I found the hardest to do was the Nichrome Wire Lab. I had trouble with this lab because I couldn’t set up the circuit correctly. I tried every way possible, but they wouldn’t work. If I fixed one wrong setup, another one would be wrong. I had to try many times before I got the right setup. The lab that helped in my understanding of physics was the Lights in Series and Parallel lab. Before doing this lab I had no clue about the differences between voltage and amps. The lab showed me that lights in series created more resistance and so lessened the amperes, and that lights in parallel drew more current and so shined just as bright as if there were one light. The lab that gave me the most understanding in math was the Ranking Frictional Forces lab. This lab involved finding the final vector of some forces. Taking this lab before learning this in pre-calculus put me ahead of my class in math. The lab that helped the most in my understanding of the topic was the Computer/Charged Particles Lab. This was the first computer lab that I understood how to do. I really got into doing it and was excited when I got the right answers. For the last challenge (mass spectrometer), I was able to find out which element the unknown was. When I did the calculations and found out that it was chlorine, I realized I understood the topic. This lab was really helpful in explaining 2006-07-29T15:48:20-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/A-Better-Understanding-of-Physics-30782.aspx A Review of "A Brief History of Time" Stephen Hawking's book, A Brief History Of Time, became an international best-seller - although it is thought many who bought the book never quite finished it because of the complexity of some of the concepts contained within it. Nevertheless, Professor Hawking has achieved a popular status enjoyed by few scientists, even making guest appearances on The Simpsons cartoon show and Star Trek. To mark his own brief history, a celebratory symposium is to be held in Cambridge on Friday. It will be addressed by Professor Hawking himself, his collaborator Sir Roger Penrose, and the Astronomer Royal, Sir Martin Rees. Disappearing black holes "Not only is Stephen a first class scientist of global renown who can be guaranteed to stimulate debate amongst his peers, but he is also a world ambassador for science," says Professor Ian Halliday, CEO of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PParc), the body that funds most of the UK's physics and astronomy effort. "Stephen has brought the excitement of fundamental physics to a truly mass audience, raising the awareness and general knowledge of cosmology and physics to an unprecedented level, undoubtedly enthusing the scientists of the future," You are driving along a road and you strike a cat that rather stupidly darted into your path. The cat is dead and depending on your natural disposition, your life continues mostly unaffected. After reading Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, you might interpret the situation quite differently. What was once a mundane event can be analyzed two new ways: on a large scale and on a small scale. In his book, Dr. Hawking lays out our place in this universe on a level that almost anyone can understand and appreciate. In true scientific fashion he covers fundamental concepts of science, voyaging through past, present, and future understanding of the universe we live in. The most refreshing aspects of the book is the simplicity, the use of everyday examples, and the omission of detailed mathematical formulas. In fact, the only formula in the entire book is the famous E = MC2 which is explained in detail. Stated simply, the book gives the reader new perspectives to analyze our everyday existence. Putting the cat’s personal feelings, or lack thereof, aside, Dr. Hawking 2006-07-28T18:37:10-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/A-Review-of-a-Brief-History-of-Time-by-Stephen-Hawking-30773.aspx Engineering the Katse Dam in South Africa Lesotho, a neighboring country of South Africa is facing some problems in the construction of the Katse dam. This dam will be the highest superdam in Africa (185 m tall), it is being constructed to benefit the city of Johannesburg in South Africa, which has 6 million inhabitants, since it does not have enough water to supply its needs. The construction of the Katse superdam will have some very important advantages, it will provide Johannesburg with the water it needs allowing the city to progress in relation to mining and the most important, providing drinking water to the population, this would better health and the level of life. At the same time the Katse dam will produce a big amount of electricity which is needed in lots of places in the zone, this electricity will be transported North in order to carry energy wherever needed. Another important advantage is the creation of seven thousand new jobs in a country with a high unemployment rate which would help improve the difficult economic situation of it, also the help that South Africa has promised (35,000,000) will better the conditions of people in Lesotho supporting the development of this country. People who will also be benefited, live in squatter camps because they do not have now drinking water and have to fetch it from a sharing tap, with the dam they will have drinking water in their homes. Together with all these important advantages, the construction of the Katse Dam will bring crucial disadvantages that will affect a lot of people in the area since the Senqu river valley will be flooded. This will change their lives: they will lose their houses and fields, their cattle will not have grass to eat and they will not be able to cross the valley for more grass, children will not be able to go to school at the other side of the river; also these people are not being informed on what the future of the zone will be and what help they will receive. These people only understand the losses knowing that most of the water that the dam will produce can’t be used by them, they feel the same about the electricity that the dam is going to produce. Another big disadvantage is the effect of the dam in the environment since it will flood a natural 2006-07-23T13:45:35-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Engineering-the-Katse-Dam-in-South-Africa-30512.aspx Definition of Aeronautical Engineering The American Heritage Dictionary defines aeronautical engineering as the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical construction of aircraft in regards to the science and art of ascending and sailing in the air (20; 433). The word aeronautical comes from the word aeronautics which, as defined by Webster’s Dictionary, is the science and art of ascending and sailing through the air and is the theory and practice of navigation through air and space (17). The word engineering comes from the prefix engineer who is a person who is skilled at or trained in a branch of engineering (394). Therefore, the topic at hand is that of the role the aeronautical engineer plays and how he performs his job as well as what, exactly, his job is. Aeronautical engineers 2006-06-12T20:58:51-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Definition-of-Aeronautical-Engineering-29376.aspx CHAPTER 1 • A machine is a device that makes a physical task easier. • A lever is a simple machine that uses the turning effect of a force to make a task easier. • Turning point of lever = Fulcrum • Resistance to motion = Load • The force caused to make movement = Effort • First Class levers = Effort, Fulcrum, Load • Second class levers = Effort, Load, Fulcrum • Third class levers = Fulcrum, Effort, Load • First and second class levers are force multipliers • Third class levers are speed multipliers • Force multipliers move a heavy load using little force • Speed multipliers move a large load quickly using allot of effort • A ramp is a machine because it makes the physical task of raising an object easier • It is a inclined plane (a surface that is set at an angle horizontally) • Wedges are inclined planes they can be used to penetrate or split objects or stop them from moving • They reduce the force needed to cut through objects • The screw is an inclined plane: it is a curved ramp • The ramp cut into a screw is called the thread the distance between two threads is called the pitch • A circular doorknob is a simple machine called a wheel and axle • The inner smaller wheel of the doorknob is the axle • When you open the door you apply an effort to the wheel and the axle pulls on the load to open the door. The turning point is at the very centre of the doorknob it is a force multiplier • The pulley is a simple machine that consists of a single wheel and axle. • It simply changes the direction of the effort • When more than 1 pulley is used is can be lifted with a small effort it acts as a force multiplier • There is a cost the rope needs to be pulled a large distance to move the load through a small distance • A multiple-pulley system is a block and tackle. The block is a frame around the pulleys and the tackle is the string joining the load to the effort • Each gear on a clock is simply a wheel and axle when one gear turns the other moves in many ways • The gear that is moved first is the driving gear • The gear driven by the driving gear is called the driven gear • A large driving gear makes a small driven gear move faster but in opposite directions • A small driving gear makes a large driven move slower in opposite direction this is called a force multiplier Pairs of gears the same size change the direction of the turning with ought 2006-06-12T11:07:49-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Colleg-Essay-on-Machines-29313.aspx Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 18, 1564. Galileo was most famously known for his discovery that two objects, dropped from the same height, fall at the same speed, once they hit terminal velocity, regardless of their weight. What 2006-05-23T19:12:59-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Galileo-Galilei--28872.aspx The fans of ‘Harry Potter’ may find it easier to relate to the concepts of teleportation than most of the other people. In the Harry Potter terminology, teleportation is likened to the ‘port key’ medium of travel. For that matter even movie buffs, who have watched ‘Matrix’ will be able to relate to teleportation. Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat of making an object or person disintegrate in one place while a perfect replica appears somewhere else. Till late the exact theoretical process of teleportation was not known. Of late however theories are beginning to surface based on extensive research. The general idea seems to be that the original object is scanned in such a way as to extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. The only hitch is that in the experiments demonstrated so far the original copy has to be destroyed. In science fiction stories like in ‘Matrix’ and the likes of it, there is generally a complex plot created by allowing both the original and the replicated copy to exist and then they are made to meet each other thus creating confusion onscreen. Thankfully science has so far proved that such a thing is not really possible. For that matter even human teleportation is a distant dream. What has been achieved so far is the transportation of single atoms. In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including IBM Fellow Charles H. Bennett, confirmed the intuitions of the majority of science fiction writers by showing that perfect teleportation is indeed possible in principle, but only if the original is destroyed. Until recently, teleportation was not taken seriously by scientists, because it was thought to violate the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which forbids any measuring or scanning process from extracting all the information in an atom or other object. According to the uncertainty principle, the more accurately an object is scanned, the more it is disturbed by the scanning process, until one reaches a point where the object's original state has been completely disrupted, still without having extracted enough information to make a perfect replica. But the six scientists found a way to make an 2005-09-20T06:25:41-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Concept-of-Teleportation-28011.aspx Stephen King, one of the most noted authors of today’s times shot to fame with his classic novel titled ‘Carrie’, a book, which illustrates the life of a teenaged girl who happens to have mastered telekinetic powers. Well keeping in mind his style of writing it ended up being a horror story but in reality telekinesis, also called psycho-kinesis, is far from a fanciful horror story. Telekinesis or Psychokinesis (PK) refers to moving objects from one place to another without using physical contact. It also means re-shaping of objects using the mind's energies, such as bending a spoon, or key, by just holding it and focusing. Psychokinesis comes from the Greek words psyche meaning life or soul and kineisis meaning to move. Physical energy is created by electromagnetic impulses while universal life force energy, or psychic energy, is called ‘Chi’. In telekinesis one taps into ‘Chi’ energy and then combines it with physical energy. Everyone has the potential to be able to be telekinetic. There are different things that can have a sort of psychotropic affect on the brain. This simply means that certain stimuli affect the mental activity and behavior perception of people. Even stress and abuse can cause one to cultivate certain psychokinetic abilities. These should not be confused with the symptoms of mental illnesses. The brain is the hardware that is utilized by the ‘mind’. Our brain is capable of generating a neural network that when "pushed" can actual step up an energy ready to be utilized beyond our 5 senses. Neurons do communicate with each other. There are all sorts of low-level subatomic and atomic dialogues going on all the time. Even at a cellular level there is communication going on. This is called ‘Cellular Communication’. In essence, what is done here is that the scientists scrape some cells from the inside of several participants’ mouths and place them in petre-dishes. They then connect these cells to a lie-detector type of device. The subjects are then taken into another room several feet away from "their" cells. As the participants are introduced to different stimuli, they naturally react. But what is really amazing is that so do their cells in the other room! These abilities are absolutely natural and every human being possesses it though in the dormant stage. Telekinesis is not a ‘freak’ happening or a mutant manifestation unnatural to human development. It is primarily a mind-brain-consciousness related phenomenon, 2005-09-20T06:21:35-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Presence-of-Telekinesis-28010.aspx Science has an overwhelming way of trying to find a reason for anything and everything that occurs on, under and over the surface of the earth. If a thing cannot be explained by science then it is either dubbed as superstition or coincidence. One such mystery churned out after years of inhabiting this earth is the Bermuda triangle. For years, it has baffled scientists worldwide and evaded any logical explanation for its existence other than perhaps as a symbol of Nature’s superiority over mankind. In the past 100 years over 1000 lives have been claimed by the Bermuda triangle. This barely results in about 10 lives per year. It is not the ‘number’ of lives lost that is astounding but ‘how’ these lives were lost. The term ‘Bermuda Triangle’ was first coined by Mr. Vincent H. Gaddis in his article, which featured in the magazine ‘Argosy: Magazine of Masterpiece fiction’ in 1964. The advent of the legends, shrouding the ‘Bermuda Triangle’, date back to the times of Christopher Columbus. In fact much about him is known through his journals itself, thus leaving no roam for doubt as to the validity of his findings. Columbus first ran into problems in the Sargasso sea, where his crew members spotted sea weed and land birds even when land was no where in sight. To add to his troubles his compass refused to respond properly and the following day he spotted a large meteor falling from the sky. His crewmembers even saw what they termed as ‘dancing lights’ in the horizon. This turned out to be just the beginning. Since that day over 100 ships and planes have disappeared while traversing this region. Some of the notable instances date back to 1945 when 5 Navy avengers disappeared (Flight 19). A more recent one is in 1972 when a German freighter Anita weighing around 20,000 tons disappeared with its crew of 32 people. The latest instance occurred in 1997 when passengers simply disappeared from a German yacht without a trace. Other legends claim that the triangle houses the famous lost city of Atlantis. Though no proof has ever been found there are claims by people that they have felt the ‘powers of the city’. Yet another myth encircling this triangle is that it is an ‘alien’ base. Several books suggested that the disappearances were due to an intelligent, technologically advanced race living in space or under 2005-09-20T06:17:02-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Superstitions-and-the-Bermuda-Triangle-28009.aspx Black Holes: Infinity and Beyond What are black holes? Black Hole Dynamics Research Essay If theories of their existence are true, black holes are the most powerful force in the known physical universe. Many people are familiar with the term black hole, but few people actually know anything about them. A black hole forms as a result of a massive star running out of fuel to burn (Chaisson, 193). Once the star is no longer exerting outward force by burning off gases, it begins to collapse under it's own intense, inward gravity (Chaisson, 193). It is like slowly letting the air out of a balloon. Once the star is compacted to a certain size, while it's mass, or weight, remains the same, it's gravity becomes so powerful that nothing can escape it (Hawking, 87). This critical size to weight ratio is known as the Schwarzchild Radius (Hawking, 87). Once a black hole is created in this way, an invisible area, or line around it exists. If any object crosses this line, it can no longer escape the gravitational force of the black hole (Hawking, 87). This line is called the event horizon (Hawking, 87). If black holes are proven to exist, beyond theoretical physics, then they would probably be a very common anomaly in this universe. In 1915, Albert Einstein put forth the first real proposition of such an anomaly in his "Theory of Relativity" (Bunn, Black Holes FAQ). In the 1930s, three physicists, doctors Volkoff, Snyder and Oppenheimer, were able to prove the validity of black holes mathematically. Since then, black holes have become a very important and integral part of science and the over all understanding of the universe. It has been proven, mathematically, that black holes have infinite, gravity based, escape velocities and an immense effect on light, time and even the very fabric of space. All bodies in space have gravity. According to Einstein's "Theory of Relativity", this is because bodies with a large mass, or weight, actually warp space (Chaisson, 77). For example, if a two dimensional sheet of cloth, stretched and suspended at four corners, represents space, and a bowling ball is placed in the center, the sheet will warp downward. If a golf ball is then set at the edge of the sheet and allowed to move freely it will be attracted toward the bowling ball, unless the golf ball is traveling at a speed great 2005-08-15T08:53:58-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/What-are-Black-Holes-Black-Hole-Dynamics-Research-Essay-27686.aspx When travelling at slow speeds in your car the wearing of a seatbelt has little effect of your body when you brake. So why is it important to wear your seat belt? A driver or passenger travelling in a car is moving at the same speed as the car. If the car suddenly stops, the body of the rider inside will keep moving forward at the same speed. This demonstrates inertia. The tendency of a moving object to keep moving, or of a stationary object to remain at rest. Basically Newtons first law; that a body stationary or moving with constant velocity will want to continue to do so, unless acted on by a force. Lets understand what is happening here. First drive along in your car at 60 km/h on a backstreet with no traffic, then brake gently and slowly. You will notice that the seat belt doesn’t really do much to hold your body. Now do the same again but this time break as quickly and sharply as you can. Your body will be thrown forwards with great force, and your seatbelt will be literally holding you in place. Now your body was what is commonly referred to as being "thrown forwards", however this is not the case. Your body was actually not slowing down much at all and your velocity relative to the car initially was much greater. The car began to slow down due to breaking and your body in accordance with Newtons First law wanted to continue to move at the original constant velocity. Now if your seat belt was not there to provide an opposing force, to your momentum and inertia, by holding you from going forwards, you very likely would have been thrown into the dash or steering wheel. Lets look at this mathematically. m= your mass in kilograms for this purposes 70kg V= final velocity 0 m/s U= initial velocity 60 km/h or 16.6 m/s straight line S= distance taken to stop 42 m t= 3.8 a= -4.368 m/s/s Now your momentum at 60km/h is P=MU So P= 70kg*16.6m/s P=1162 Kg m/s Impulse I=MU/t I=70*16.6/3.8 I=305N So your body will weigh about 610kg when you are breaking hard, a force it is difficult for any person to withstand. Now in the context of a head on accident at around 60km/hr the force exerted on your body is greatly increased. In the event 2005-06-19T18:17:23-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Importance-of-Seatbelts-from-a-Physics-Standpoint-27003.aspx CRITIQUING BRADLEY [i:9efa03e43b]Description: This paper critiques Bradley's arguments in his writing 'The Unreality of Space and Time.' This paper argues against Bradley's position using all logical methods necessary.[/i:9efa03e43b] Critiquing Bradley In his article, The Unreality of Space and Time, F. H. Bradley argues that space and time, as they exhibit themselves, are unreal. For Bradley space and time are unreal because they both possess necessary, yet contradictory characteristics. At this time we will depart from directly addressing the issue of time and restrict ourselves to dealing solely with the issue of space, but note that the conclusion and key premises are uniform to both issues. For Bradley the problem with space is that it is necessarily both ending and endless. Essential to its being space must continue to an end which it cannot possess. Though unexplained, the contradiction is revealed. Space, either how it is exhibited or how it is perceived is self-contradictory and therefore unreal. In explanation Bradley presents the following argument: Space is a relation. That is to say space is an association- a connection between things. This associative nature of space derives from that which constitutes space. For Bradley space consists of parts of space in relation to each other. To grasp this premise you might consider any amount of space and imagine that space divide in half. These two halves of space exist in relation to each other. Either or both of these halves could further be divided endlessly into oblivion. The picture one then should have is innumerable parts of space in relation to each other continuing to no final limit. These infinite relational parts of space constitute the relation that is space, the assumption being that space is, what it is constituted of. A problem arises out of this because if space is a relation it is required that it be relative to something other than itself. It is not difficult to understand the logic behind this. Imagine having a conversation speaking associatively about yourself. Such statements as "compared to myself I am relatively tall" or "relative to myself I am very smart" would surely classify you as a fool. A relation requires an association between two or more things. And so a problem occurs. The continuity of space is hindered by a necessary discreteness. Space as a whole must have a separateness to it. It must have something to reference itself with, and space itself must 2005-05-26T09:35:54-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Critique-of-Bradley-s-Space-and-Time-Essay-26730.aspx Case Study: Biomechanics and Motor Control in “Remember the Titans” Both biomechanics and motor control are extremely prevalent subjects in the film “Remember the Titans.” The movie instills the basic principles of kinesiology throughout the entire story line. It is very interesting how each different position on the field is accompanied by its own sub-set of kinesiology, exemplifying the diversity of the field. Throughout the movie, biomechanics, the study of the physical movement, is essential to the skill that the players carry out. The quarterback uses various aspects of biomechanics to throw the ball, make the ball spin in a tight spiral, and estimate the position of the ball and the position of his receivers. Without all of these components working together, the quarterback would not be able to successfully complete an intended pass. In essence, the quarterback acts as the physicist, or biomechanist, on the field, dictating the velocity, acceleration, height, distance, and displacement of the football. Meanwhile, the receivers, guards, and other players on the field use different ways to employ biomechanics. The guards and center use force, velocity, and momentum to block and hold off the offensive players. The receivers use acceleration and impulse to run and complete a pass. In addition to all of the physical aspects of playing football, all of the players are constantly using muscular force to generate power in order to do work. They are readily exemplifying gait, kinetics, kinematics, and ground reaction forces among many other aspects of biomechanics. When studying football, it is imperative to strategically plan different plays. Biomechanics plays a significant role in being able to perform them. Since the game of football greatly relies on the use of physical movement, biomechanics is an integral part of the underlying basics of the game. Motor control, or the acquisition, performance, and retention of motor skills, can also be seen often in “Remember the Titans.” In order for a quarterback to function as the “center” of the field, he must acquire motor skills through practice, be able to perform those motor skills, and then retain the ability to execute those motor skills. Without these three basic components, a quarterback will not be very successful. However, having good motor control is an important skill that must be acquired by all of the players, not just the quarterback. In fact, every player on the field must have motor control skills in order to play football at 2005-04-24T08:22:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biomechanics-and-Motor-Control-in-Remember-the-Titans-26562.aspx Since its inception, science relied on predictability and order. The true beauty of science was its uncanny ability to find patterns and regularity in seemingly random systems. For centuries the human mind as easily grasped and mastered the concepts of linearity. Physics illustrated the magnificent order to which the natural world obeyed. If there is a God he is indeed mathematical. Until the 19th century Physics explained the processes of the natural world successfully, for the most part. There were still many facets of the universe that were an enigma to physicists. Mathematicians could indeed illustrate patterns in nature but there were many aspects of Mother Nature that remained a mystery to Physicists and Mathematicians alike. Mathematics is an integral part of physics. It provides an order and a guide to thinking; it shows the relationship between many physical phenomenons. The error in mathematics until that point was linearity. “Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.” - Benoit Mandlebrot. Was it not beyond reason that a process, which is dictated by that regularity, could master a world that shows almost no predictability whatsoever? A new science and a new kind of mathematics were developed that could show the universe’s idiosyncrasies. This new amalgam of mathematics and physics takes the order of linearity and shows how it relates to the unpredictability of the world around us. It is called Chaos Theory. The secular definition of chaos can be misleading when the word is used in a scientific context. As defined by Webster’s dictionary chaos is total disorder. That may lead one to believe that chaos theory is indeed the study of total disorder, which it truly is not. In 1986 at a prestigious conference on Chaos another definition for chaos was introduced. It is stochastic behavior occurring in a deterministic set. This definition of chaos was hesitantly brought forth. The scientists, mathematicians and intellectuals present were hesitant to define a concept they did not truly understand yet. They left the scientific community with a rather cryptic and oxymoronic definition of chaos. Deterministic sets behave by precise unbreakable law. Stochastic behavior is the opposite of deterministic it has no finite laws, it is totally dependant upon chance. The dissected definition of chaos is lawless behavior that is ruled entirely by law. (Stewart 16-17) The principles of Chaos Theory are 2005-02-03T00:50:55-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Chaos-Theory--26251.aspx Big Bang Effect It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireball—an extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should 2005-01-19T08:28:55-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Big-Bang-Effect-and-the-Creation-of-the-Universe-26163.aspx Isaac Newton was born on Christmas day in 1642, in Lincolnshire, England. Newton attended Trinity College in 1661 and had both his Bachelor of Arts and his Master of Arts by 1669. That same year he became the associate of the French Academy of Sciences. He was elected to Parilment, then appointed a warden, and finally, President of the Royal Society. Newton was a master of science and mathematics. He discovered calculus, before Leibniz' became popular. 2004-12-20T04:32:16-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Newton-s-Three-Laws-of-Motion-25870.aspx In 1905, Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity was proposed. The reason that it is so "special" is because it was part of the more complex and extensive Theory of General Relativity, which was published in 1915. His theory reshaped the world of physics when it contradicted all previous laws of motion erected by Galileo and Newton. By mathematically manipulating these previous laws of motion, physicists in the nineteenth century were able to explain such phenomena as the flow of the ocean, the orbits of planets around the sun, the fall of rocks, and the random behavior of molecules in gases. At first, Einstein faced great opposition when he came up with his radical new theory because the previous laws of motion proposed by Galileo and expanded upon by Newton had remained valid for over two hundred years. However, it wouldn’t be long before the "cement" in the foundation of Newtonian and Galilean physics would begin to crumble. Galileo had determined in 1608 that merely addition and subtraction could calculate relative speeds. Suppose that an observer stands on the side of the highway, and they watch two cars approach each other at 30 and 40 miles per hour. If they were to ask the question, "how fast is the 40 mile per hour car moving relative to the 30 mile per hour car?" They could solve the problem easily by adding the two speeds of the cars, which would equal 70 miles per hour. This means that the 40 mile per hour car sees the 30 mile per hour car advance at a speed of 70 miles per hour and vice versa. At the core of Newtonian physics was the fact that space and time were absolute. Newton’s absolute space was the space of everyday experience with its three dimensions: east-west, north-south, and up-down. This space gives us our sense of length, breadth, and height; according to Newton. We all, regardless of our motion, will agree on the length, breadth, and height of an object, so long as we make sufficiently accurate measurements. Newton’s absolute time was the time that flows inexorably forward as we age. It is a time whose flow is experienced in common by all humanity. The maximum speeds of birds in nature are regulated by air. No matter what direction a bird flies, it always has the same maximum speed. Newton had proposed something similar for light, 2004-12-20T04:28:55-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Rise-of-Einsteinian-Special-Relativity-25869.aspx Ohm’s Lab Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to see if and how Ohm’s Law applies in a circuit that doesn’t have a resistor. Theory: [i:6a028197ab]Equations[/i:6a028197ab] Resistance = Voltage/Current R = V/I Voltage = Current * Resistance V = I * R Current = Voltage/Resistance I = V/R Hypothesis: I hypothesize that the resistance will be between 8 and 10 ohms. Procedures: Assemble a circuit with a multimeter, to measure the current, a voltmeter, to measure the volts, and a resistor that will provide the resistance. Next, a hand-held generator will power the circuit. Record the voltage and current while keeping the generated voltage at a constant rate. Record an estimate of the absolute uncertainty for both the voltage and the current. Choose five target voltages. Then, graph the Voltage versus the Current to get the resistance of the light bulbs. Use uncertainty bars on your graph of Voltage versus Current to get a best fit. Data: Voltage (V) .1 .3 .5 .7 .9 1 Current (A) Low, Average, High 10, 14, 18 45, 55, 65 120, 127.5, 135 120, 135, 150 180, 187.5, 195 180, 190, 200 ·Voltage = # of volts = V ·Current = # of amps/1000 = A ·Voltage = + or - .1 V ·Current = high and low given ·Actual Resistance = 6.7 Ohms Analysis: Voltage (V) .1 .3 .5 .7 .9 1 Average Current (A) 14 55 127.5 135 187.5 190 Resistance in Ohms 7.14 5.45 3.92 5.18 4.8 5.26 Results: The resistance we got from the calculations was close to the actual resistance of 6.7 ohms. However, the 7.14 ohms with a voltage of 0.1V and 3.92 ohms for the voltage of 0.5 ohms were not very accurate. We could have made many mistakes when doing this lab. Of course, the main error we made was when trying to keep the voltage constant using the generator we were unable to be perfect. This could have been improved had we used a motor for example, that kept the voltage at a constant rate. It was also hard to read the measurements on for example the voltage meter. This could have been improved if we used a digital one. Conclusion: This lab’s purpose was to see if Ohm’s Law could actually be applied to a circuit board. In order to test this, we made a “circuit board” that had a resistor. We connected it to a voltmeter, a multimeter, and generator. My hypothesis was close, but not correct. I hypothesized that the resistance would be between 8 and 10 ohms, but it was only about 6.7 ohms. This lab could have been done better if we had a generator that provided a constant voltage, and if our voltmeter and multimeter were 2004-11-04T06:39:08-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Lab-Ohm-s-Law-Application--25733.aspx Tension in Guitar Strings Problem: To find the tension in the strings of a bass guitar. Hypothesis: Using an oscilloscope, we have measured the frequency of the string wave, recording time between each wave to enable us to find the resulting 2004-11-04T06:26:57-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Lab-Tension-in-Guitar-Strings-25728.aspx Since the beginning of time, energy has pervaded our earth. These days we rely on it to advance in our technological developments. We also need energy for a variety of other things such as: to keep our bodies alive and healthy, to run our machines and other technical devices, we also rely on energy to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Energy is the ability to do work. People and other things can run out of energy (e.g. a marathon runner) in which case they can no longer have the ability to do work. In a mechanical situation, if a machine has energy it has the ability to apply a force to another body. There are many different forms of energy and there are many different places by which energy can be gathered. Forms of energy include: Potential energy, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy and there are many more. Energy can be gathered in many ways using our natural recourses from the environment, for example: solar energy (from the sun) and hydroelectricity (where electricity is gathered by rushing water) Hydroelectricity is when electricity is generated by rotating coils of wire (rotors) between the poles of a magnet. The rotors are turned by rushing water falling over them. In a hydroelectric plant, water in usually stored in a damn. As the water falls down and rushes over the vanes connected to the rotors it looses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic energy. As the metal wire rotates around the magnet it generates electricity which is then sent along power lines to all areas of the city or town. Here is a description of the transformation of energy as a pole-vaulter completes a jump. Firstly, when the pole-vaulter runs forward the muscles in the legs are doing work as a result of energy to push him/her forward. As the pole digs into the ground and stops, the forward motion of the runner causes the pole to bend, giving it elastic potential energy. If the pole-vaulter were to let go of the pole at this point, the pole release upwards rapidly. As he/she jumps off the ground, it slowly releases the elastic potential energy of the pole and transforms it into kinetic energy, forcing the pole-vaulter upward and forward. If he/she jumps too early, there would not be enough elastic potential energy created to force him/her over the 2004-07-05T09:39:30-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Physics-Essay-The-Conservation-of-Energy-25356.aspx Gravity is the key to the Earth's rising and falling tides. The combined gravitational effects of the Sun and the Moon constantly pull the world's oceans in different directions and create tidal effects. But there are several other factors that complicate this basic process. Friction, the Earth's rotation, the tilt of its axis and the gravitational pull given off by the Sun and Moon that affects Earth's atmosphere. These forces together conspire to make our planet's oceans into a battleground. These forces tug the oceans this way and that way around the globe, thus creating high tides and low tides. The Moon's gravity stretches the earth into an oval. The effect is so tiny that the solid parts of the planet are distorted by little more than eight inches. But because of of water's fluidity, the effect on the oceans is more noticeable. At the point on the Earth directly beneath the Moon, the ocean is tugged into a bulge of high water. At the same time, a second tidal bulge forms on the opposite side of the planet. This is partly a result of the centrifugal force created by the Moon and Earth's combined rotation around their common center of mass, a theoretical point called the barycenter. Because the Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, the two bulges sweep around the planet in waves, creating two high tides per day at every point on the globe. But the twice daily cycle is complicated by he fact that the Earth is tilted, which puts the Moon alternately to the north and south of the equator. This creates slight differences between the two tide each day and adds a daily set of local variations to this natural rhythm. A further complication is added by the Sun, whose gavational pull on the earth also affects the tides. The tidal force of the Sun and Moon together is almost a third more than that of the Moon alone, with the Sun imposing a solar rhythm. At the new and full moons, when the two bodies are in line, they combine to create extra high spring tides. When the Moon is in its first and last quarters, the Sun is at right angles to it, and their gravitational pulls work against each other to create extra low neap tides. The story continues as the tidal waves are weakened by friction between the ocean and the 2004-05-06T23:59:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Gravity-and-the-Earth-s-Tides-129.aspx