https://www.echeat.com/ “ANTI-BIAS JUDGE” The story has universality because it happens or it can happen in other courtrooms in other countries especially in nations where autocratic or tyrannical rule prevails. When people don’t have a voice or their freedom of expression is suppressed in dictatorial-type of government where rulers wield their authority without impunity, citizens of that nation certainly will not get justice as portrayed in the story. There will always be biases committed by judges in a corrupt government because as they know it, they can always evade being prosecuted themselves for committing biases in handing out verdicts. More so, even in this modern times in more advanced and democratic countries, there are still judges who seem to disregard the need to properly practice their sworn professions and carefully weigh things first before handing out their final decisions. I have not known a Filipino judge in real life who can be a counterpart of the judge in the story but I’ve seen local films depicting the same type in movies of Fernando Poe Jr. and some other Filipino action stars. It is possible that that judge can have a counterpart not only here in our country but also in other parts of the globe knowing how dirty politics and judicial systems are until now. As a saying goes, “Judgement prevents us from seeing the good that lies beyond appearances,” (Dyer Quotes, American Psychologist Quotes) humans are susceptible to commit mistakes due to our tendency to base our assessment especially when we take into account the appearance of a person. Furthermore, we always judge the book by its cover. Our judges must be well-prepared physically, emotionally, intellectually, psychologically and even spiritually, and must have very long and varied experiences in handling different cases to live up to his position. He must not be swift to pass judgement because “A good judge conceives quickly, but judges slowly.” (Proverb Quotes: Judgement Quotes) They are our decision-makers, thus, he must be wise and prudent because a simple mistake can mean life or death, or a lifetime of sorrow and agony for someone innocent. There are thousands of crimes committed in the Philippines in 2018 and most of these came from the three major cities of the country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines), ranging from simple offense conducts to more serious felonies like rape, murder etc. Just imagine being accused of a crime you know you did 2020-10-10T04:18:47.527-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/ANTI-BIAS-45497.aspx Forgiveness Name Institution affiliation Part A. Forgiveness is a skill that is effective in healing relationships and keeping it going strong (Toussaint, Worthington & Williams, 2015). Despite being a vital skill, my performance of the forgiveness skill varies when I am with different individuals depending on the close connection between the people. Firstly, I have good performance with the skill when I am with close friends and family members. This is because they have a close relationship that is built on love and empathy. Therefore, caring become the default way of relating such that when a friend or a family member wrongs me, I tend to forgive and let go quickly despite the hurt. As a result, it is much easier to resolve conflicts by believing in the good intentions of the friend or partner. Also, it is due to the fact that we always believe that no one is perfect. On the other hand, my performance of the skill is bad when I am with strangers or people who are not closely related to me. When a person is hurt by a stranger, they intend to briefly step outside their pain (Toussaint, Worthington & Williams, 2015). It is easy to get lost in hurt, blind to anything beyond it due to the inability to understand the perspective of the strangers. Therefore, it becomes hard to forgive and let go due to lack of close relationship to salvage. At first instance, people think that there is no future to consider with strangers. However, forgiveness is not only useful for repairing friendship but also for one's well-being. I forgive quickly when am with close friends and family members and take a lot of time to forgive those who are not closely related to me. In summation, people perform differently with the forgiveness skill when with friends and strangers. However, it should be made a routine so as to ensure reduced stress and increased overall psychological well-being. Part B. Part C. The capacity for a person to accomplish forgiveness and let go all the past damages is a standout amongst the most basic difficulties numerous people face with regards to achieving personal happiness and peace (Toussaint, Worthington & Williams, 2015). Just like inside the class the ability to achieve forgiveness is very crucial outside class as it is absolutely necessary for long-term emotional and mental health. I have had the opportunity to have an experience with the skill 2018-05-21T03:44:53.337-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Forgiveness-45439.aspx Introduction My life experiences have taught me the importance of having effective communication and interpersonal skills. I have been able to stand firm for what I believe in regardless of the circumstance surrounding it. I have also learned that challenges are there to overcome regardless of one’s background. I have been exposed to people of different ranks, become a leader of our football team and volunteered within the community and USAFA. It is these array of attributes, life experiences and unique perspectives which I have acquired throughout my life that I look forward to sharing with the classroom, student body and the Academy as a whole if accepted into USAFA. Being enlisted exposed me to the rank structure and as a result, I have been able to interact with people at different administrative positions. This will have impacts on the classroom because I will be able to explain what serving at the lowest level means. Additionally, engaging with class commanders and instructors will help me create good relations with them for effective learning hence making it easy to absorb what is being taught and relate it to daily class experience. Lastly through my life experience and unique perspective, I will be able to maintain a positive attitude throughout the academy, and this will help foster teamwork in the classroom. As a captain of a football team and as a PTL, I learned how to motivate my team members. For example, during physical trainings, I used to encourage the student body to put forth their best effort. This will positively impact the student body because it will help boost their morale and motivate them. Additionally, I am very persuasive and know how to get things done, and this means that if something needs to get done, I am in a position to rally the student body and ensure that the task is accomplished. I will use my leadership qualities to advocate for friendship and inclusiveness because this will help build a firm foundation of trust and Airmanship. I have always had a sense of pride for where I came from and for being a cadet. Additionally, being enlisted has opened my eyes to several opportunities in the air force academy and the community as a whole. As a result, I will work hard and make use of available opportunities within and beyond the academy. Volunteering within the community and USAFA 2016-11-28T00:21:29.417-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/What-influence-does-money-have-on-US-politics-35251.aspx Russia Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometres. It is situated both in Europe and 2016-06-13T05:29:15.703-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Russia-35201.aspx THE POWER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN BUILDING A BETTER WORLD Political science encompasses a wide range. For a conceptual purpose, political science is concerned with the systematic and analysis of politics. It attempts to understand the political behavior of individuals, groups and societies, the factors and conditions that affects political actors, political events and institutions. Historically, political science is a relatively young academic field of study in many countries around the world. The subject was first taught in American universities in the 1850s. The teaching of the subject grew speedily and spread too in many European and African universities. In the past, political science was taught as part of other academic disciplines like; Law, History, Philosophy and Economics. Today, it is taught as a distinct discipline and academic subject. Those who study and teach the subject have formed professional association in various countries, such as the Nigerian Political Science Association (APSA), American Political Science Association (APSA), and the African Association of Political Science (AAPS). The study of political science is both humanistic and scientific, that is why Aristotle called it the “Queen of the sciences”. Political science research involves highly scientific and rigorous attempts to understand human behavior and world events. The study prepares one not only for employment, but for life as an informed citizen ready to participate in political activities within interest groups or political parties; related to community organization and political advocacy, or even service as an elected or appointed official. The major in political science offers a solid undergraduate education in the liberal arts and sciences. Such study prepares the graduate for a variety of careers by emphasizing the acquisition of skill in communication and analysis; and by encouraging independent thought, tolerance and informed interest in current affairs. The ability to define a problem and contribute to its solution is highly valued in a variety of employment settings, as the individual who took the course are skilled in writing research and evaluation. The knowledge of Political science is an excellent preparation for the flexibility required in this modern employment market. More so, it provides background for careers in government at the local, state, and National level; international organizations, political campaigns, interest groups, and lobbying organizations, journalism, business and law. However, from the above myriad of analysis one can vividly say that, the power of political science in building a better world cannot be overemphasized. This is because the study 2014-12-28T13:15:43.917-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/TH-POWER-OF-POLITICAL-SCIENCE-IN-BUILDING-A-BETTER-WORLD-35075.aspx Eric Bishop Mr. Berry 1B Honors English 10 29 Oct 2013 My limbs were shaking uncontrollably; my gait was ever erratic; I stealthily departed from the group of my peers. We had all consumed the newly popular “magic mushrooms” together. My very soul was penetrated with questions of how my friends could still move, converse and interact so unflappably with each other. I had become animalistic as if I had transformed into a lone wolf; I felt a capriciously inexorable urge to howl to the moon. The brown of my eyes had completely vanished, conquered by fully dilated pupils. My brain’s optometric extension had now been replaced by the deepest, darkest holes capable of seeing all of the concealed mysteries withheld in remotest of hiding places in the universe. A note of denial that the mushrooms were functioning properly would be just that, denial. I was in an entirely separate reality; the proverbial trip was underway. Sunlight’s reflection on the scenery shimmered like the restroom in a Mr. Clean advertisement. To quantify it in numerical terms, I would have to say everything looked fifteen to twenty percent deeper and more naturalistically beautiful than it had in the morning. My retina’s scanned the landscape for a spot appropriate for a certain composing of myself and I set off airily towards my new habitat. Grasses, small shrubs and dazzling wild flowers grew in every place where they could find a crack in the stone. The terrain was made up of rocks with, to the naked eye, every shape, size and multi-colored hue. Sedimentary minerals compiled down south of vast glacier deposits of indefatigable freezes persisting for thousands of years. I was intrigued by their restrained, stoic presence. The rocky shore of an unnamed lake stretched approximately three quarters of a mile in until intersecting the tree line. The towering alpine’s stood staunchly like Green Beret daring me to pass them by and enter their heavily protected interior wooded areas. Stumbling inebriated from crag to promontory with all the grace of a newly delivered foal I stopped to crouch lightly, adjacent to a tiny cedar. This modicum of asylum sheltered me from the wind and I was comforted by the tenacity of minuscule creation of God’s green earth. Skeletons of his ancestral consanguine lay sprawled out surrounding us on all sides, but we decided not to discuss his ineluctable fate. This seemed to be a fine spot 2013-10-30T13:37:11.273-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/From-hope-to-audacity-Bresxinski-34982.aspx Located in central Italy, Vatican City State also known globally as the Holy See was founded on February 11, 1929 after the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy. The treaty was ratified on June 7, 1929. It was on that date that the Holy See became its own nation with its own laws and government different to that of the country of Italy. The Vatican is a sovereign state with diplomatic relations with one-hundred and eighty countries. The head of Vatican City State is the Pope, who is currently Pope Francis. He alone makes all decisions for Vatican City, its eight hundred and thirty-two residents, and one hundred and nine acres. The Vatican Secretariat of State’s office is given the task of dealing with the day-to-day operation of Vatican City. Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone is the Secretary of State, appointed by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI in two thousand and seven. In most recent times Vatican City has peaked interest among people of all faiths, nationalities, beliefs, and cultures. In a bank where only Vatican City State employees and workers can hold an account, why so much scandal? The torrine of Niccolo V is the seat for the Istituto per le Opere Religione or the Institute for Religious Works. It is here that all decisions are made concerning the Vatican and its financial affairs; it has also been the center for scandal and questioning. A bank riddled with scandal in the heart of the Roman Catholic Church, 2 men who committed suicide, $1.4 billion dollars missing, twelve investigations ….yet no one knows anything of what happened, not even the Pope who oversees the bank. Founded in 1942 to invest and increase the funds given to the Holy See for the religious works, the I.O.R. is much like any other international commercial bank. It accepts savings and checking accounts; transfer funds in and out of the Vatican and makes investments: (Stoler, 1982:2). While the Vatican bank seems like other banks there are a few interesting differences, depositors must be connected to the Vatican such as members of the curia, the Pope even has his own personal account and the residents who have everyday dealings in the Vatican can have an account in the Vatican bank. No one else! The assets of the bank are modest by international standards. The scandal really threatened the I.O.R. and Italian investigators believe 2013-04-07T12:20:42.19-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Vatican-Bank-Scandal-34851.aspx This essay discusses some of the characteristics of the forces of law and order as opposed to those who support individual liberties. It takes the side of those who think government has gone too far and has no right to further impinge on the private lives of its citizens. I Introduction The debate about civil liberties and whether or not they should be suspended in times of danger predates the attacks of September 11; indeed, the idea that there are times when we should trade our freedoms for increased security is as old as the nation itself; it was Benjamin Franklin who said, “They who would give up an essential liberty for temporary security deserve neither liberty nor security.” (Robinson, PG). However, the current Administration’s response to the terrorist attacks, which has devolved into what appears to be a blatant power grab, has brought the issue to the fore once again. This paper discusses the issues of law and order and individual rights from both sides, and describes the main points of each. It then chooses the one that is more appealing and tells why it, and not the other, should be supported. II Law and Order Law and order in this connection is understood not simply as police action, but as the concept of the rule of law upon which the nation was founded. The salient points of law turn on the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits “unlawful search and seizure,” in effect, allowing citizens to maintain their privacy and the sanctity of their homes from unnecessary intrusion. Now however, in an effort to stop further terrorist attacks and insure the safety of its citizenry, the U.S. government has passed, among other things, the “USA PATRIOT Act,” which abrogates some of the rights to privacy previously guaranteed by the constitution. Examples include the fact that police can make searches of suspects’ homes without warrants and without probable cause; nor do they have to notify the individual that they were on the premises. Such actions are completely legal now, due to the fact that remaining safe has become a paramount concern of many people. I don’t think there’s any doubt that the terrorist attacks have left many, if not most, Americans frightened and shaky; the government’s passage of this act and other measures is deemed by some to be necessary, and undertaken for the good 2011-10-31T01:20:45.127-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Law-and-Order-Vs-Individual-Liberties-34253.aspx This essay examines the beliefs of the two philosophers with regard to the law, and concludes that if taken to the extreme, we could label the two men as liberal and conservative as the words are used today. I Introduction Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau seem diametrically opposed in most of their viewpoints; certainly their view of humanity is almost a direct contrast. Hobbes sees man as intrinsically evil, with a life that is “nasty, brutish and short,” while Rousseau sees man as essentially good. Given these widely divergent viewpoints, it’s perhaps somewhat surprising that their opinions with regard to law are as similar as they are, though they grow apart as the philosophers develop their theories. In this paper we’ll look at Hobbes’s and Rousseau’s visions of law and lawmaking, and extrapolate from those observations to discuss what each finds important politically. I believe that after examining their ideas about laws and lawmaking, we can consider Rousseau a Liberal and Hobbes a conservative, as the words are used today. II Rousseau and the Law Rousseau was the opposite of Hobbes. For him, man before the coming of law existed in a “state of nature.” He lived as an animal does, and in so doing was at peace with himself and his surroundings. The downfall of man began, according to Rousseau, with the introduction of the dual concepts of property and dependence. “So long as men … undertook only what a single person could accomplish, and confined themselves to such arts as did not require the joint labour of several hands, they lived free, healthy, honest and happy lives, so long as their nature allowed, and as they continued to enjoy the pleasures of mutual and independent intercourse. But from the moment one man began to stand in need of the help of another; from the moment it appeared advantageous to any one man to have enough provisions for two, equality disappeared, property was introduced, work became indispensable, and … slavery and misery were soon seen to germinate and grow up with the crops.” (Rousseau, Inequality, PG). Rousseau tells us that as humanity developed, it became necessary for a man to develop “not merely his share of property” but also “wit, beauty, strength or skill, merit or talents” and that if he didn’t possess these qualities, he had to appear to have them. (Rousseau, Inequality, PG). This meant 2011-10-27T13:17:19.45-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Hobbes-and-Rousseau-Laws-and-Lawmaking-34179.aspx This essay discusses the seminal political philosophical work by Marx and Engels. I Introduction The Communist Manifesto is a fascinating document. It is the foundation of one of the most important political and social movements on earth, and yet that movement has largely failed. Does this mean that Marx and Engels’ vision was flawed, or that men simply cannot live up to what are extremely difficult precepts? The Manifesto introduced startling new ideas, ideas that required a complete rethinking and readjustment of society. In the end, it seems that men’s nature is less altruistic and humanitarian than is necessary to make Communism a reality. This paper will discuss this issue: to what extent does the Manifesto succeed in describing the capitalist system as we know it today? We’ll consider the question in terms of politics, economics, philosophy and history; and consider what might be done to improve Marx’s ideas. Finally, we’ll also look at what Marx means by the word “capitalism” and his analysis of it. II Discussion In general, it’s amazing to realize that much of what Marx wrote is still valid in describing the way business, particularly large corporations, operates. He described a greedy, vicious and ruthless class of people—the bourgeoisie—who got rich by exploiting the workers—the proletariat. If we care to take a look at some of the more egregious practices by large multinational corporations (Nike leaps to mind) we see that these methods are still widely used, and still enrich those at the top at the expense of those who actually produce the goods. It’s somewhat disheartening to realize that over a hundred years after Marx wrote, things are getting worse. On the other hand, he got a good many things wrong, too. There has been no general coming together of workers around the world, nor has there been a universal revolution against the oppressive practices of the multinational companies. (Too bad; they could use a good swift kick.) He made other predictions that have failed to materialize, and we’ll return to that in a moment. In short, we see a world in which money rules absolutely; it’s also a world that poses immense difficulties for anyone who is not wealthy. Unfortunately, because of what now appear to be indissoluble ties between money and politics, with the rich buying the support of the governing class for any and all of 2011-10-27T13:05:46.48-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Communist-Manifesto-34176.aspx This essay summarizes the book by Deborah Stone. Policy Paradox by Deborah Stone is an extremely readable book. Although it might be considered a “textbook,” Stone has written in a lively, conversational style that eliminates any hint of dryness. She takes as her basic premise the idea that the assumption of many public policy makers is flawed. “The fields of political science, public administration, law, and policy analysis have a common mission of rescuing public policy from the irrationalities and indignities of politics, hoping to make policy instead with rational, analytical, and scientific methods.” (P. 7). She argues that this idea, of combining the missions of these various agencies in the hope of arriving at a systematic way of making rational policy, is mistaken, because the thought underlying them is itself paradoxical, and furthermore, because the agencies are political. Thus, any analysis of the policies of these agencies is done in a political manner; that is, “it is a strategically crafted argument, designed to create ambiguities and paradoxes and … resolved in a particular direction.” (P. 8). Her second aim is to find a political analysis that makes sense, given the fact that the idea of divorcing public policy from politics is in itself a paradox. She begins by defining her terms in an attempt to find a good “model of political society … a model of the simplest version of society that retains the essential elements of politics.” (P. 17). She first examines the market model, but then goes on to say that contrasting the market model with the political model will show how grossly the market model distorts political life. (P. 17). Given the fact that much of today’s society, in particular those who “worship” at the altar of the free market, is apparently devoted to the unbridled spread of global capitalism, this is an excellent starting point. In answer to those who continually praise the unregulated free market as the only true force driving the economy, and who resist efforts to “level the playing field”, saying that such policies are unnecessary, Stone points out that people who make that argument see the market in terms of individuals only. These individuals seek to maximize profits for themselves. But that’s not the way the real world works, because people, despite their individuality, also have ties to organizations and entities 2011-10-26T12:36:13.577-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Summary-of-Policy-Paradox-by-Deborah-Stone-34085.aspx What is New Institutionalism? Prague 2008 By: Khikmat Fayziev From: Charles Robinson ESSAY «What is new institutionalism?” Introduction: Nearly three decades ago, the first neo-institutional arguments were formulated by John Meyer and colleagues such as Brian Rowan in 1977 and Richard Scott in 1983, and by Lynne Zucker in 1977. This new orientation proposed that formal organizational structure reflected not only technical demands and resource dependencies, but was also shaped by institutional forces, including rational myths, knowledge legitimated through the educational system and by the professions, public opinion, and the law. The core idea that organizations are deeply embedded in social and political environments suggested that organizational practices and structures are often either reflections of or responses to rules, beliefs, and conventions built into the wider environment. This early work set in motion a line of research that continues to be active and vital, attracting a growing number of organizational researchers worldwide. The initial arguments emphasized the salience of symbolic systems, cultural scripts, and mental models in shaping institutional effects, but were somewhat vague with respect to the mechanisms by which culture and history cemented the social order and constrained organizational choices. Early accounts identified institutional effects as concerned principally with social stability, drawing attention to reproductive processes that function as stable patterns for sequences of activities that were routinely enacted. Institutionalization was defined in terms of the processes by which such patterns achieve normative and cognitive fixity, and become taken for granted. Subsequent contributions addressed the mechanisms that buttressed institutionalization. DiMaggio and Powell in 1983 highlighted coercive, normative, and mimetic processes of reproduction. Coercive factors involved political pressures and the force of the state, providing regulatory oversight and control; normative factors stemmed from the potent influence of the professions and the role of education; and mimetic forces drew on habitual, taken-for-granted responses to circumstances of uncertainty. (In retrospect, they omitted evangelizing efforts, where institutional entrepreneurs champion the adoption or influence of specific practices.) Scott, in 2001, further developed three ‘pillars’ of the institutional order: regulative, normative, and cultural/cognitive. Regulative elements emphasize rule setting and sanctioning, normative elements contain an evaluative and obligatory dimension, while cultural/cognitive factors involve shared conceptions and frames through which meaning is understood. Each of Scott’s pillars offered a different rationale for legitimacy, either by virtue of being legally sanctioned, morally authorized, or 2009-02-07T22:27:01-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/A-New-Institutionalism-33952.aspx Who is Israel, in today's world? This is written from the King James version of the bible and means no offense to any religion or nationality! May the love of god rule in each and every heart. Scripture is written for spiritual interpretation rather than carnality. A few months ago I saw on Christian TV channel these capitalized words-"On wings of an eagle". The Jews were leaving Russia to go back to the land of Israel for a small price. The state of Israel was re-established in1948 and to get the Jews back to their homeland was considered to be the fulfillment of biblical prophesy. I realize that the Jews are of Israel, but we must consider the fact that there are 12 tribes of Israel. The word Jew is supposedly derived from the name Judah. Judah and Benjamin were of the two southern tribes of Israel. The 10 northern tribes had lost their identity approximately:722 B.C. There was a schism between these 12 tribes of Israel and the 12 sons of Jacob were patriarchs. Gen. 32:28, Jacob was given the name Israel which was applied to his descendents, the 12 sons which made up the whole house of Israel.Isa.3:18,in those days, the house of Israel shall walk with the house of Judah, and they shall come together out of the of the north to a land that I have given them for an inheritance unto your fathers. Jesus Christ came first unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel.Mt.10:5-6,Go not in the way of the Gentiles, neither the way of the Samaritans, but go rather to the lost sheep and how he leaveth the 99 in the wilderness till he finds it; and follows up with the parable of the coin which was lost, that when they are found there is great rejoicing. There was a remnant to be found to make up the whole house of Israel. The 12 tribes of Israel were to be placed into the New Jerusalem as a spiritual Holy City. This was Jesus' first mission.Rev's 7th chpt. the 144,000 of the tribes of Israel are sealed.Rev. 14:1-6, we see the 144,000 2007-12-23T14:51:28-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Isreal-Today-Using-the-King-James-Version-of-the-Bible-33477.aspx Case Analysis INTRODUCTION In Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, [1] the United States Supreme Court reversed the New Jersey Supreme Court’s application of its state’s public accommodations statute and held that a requiring the reinstatement of an openly gay scoutmaster to the Boy Scouts of America would violate the organization’s First Amendment freedom to engage in expressive association. [2] The Court based this holding on evidence provided by the Boy Scouts that the terms “clean” and “morally straight,” as used in the Scout Oath, mean “not homosexual.” [3] Thus, the Court concluded that disapproving of homosexual activity is a specific, expressive message of the Boy Scouts and that such expressive message would be undermined by forcing the inclusion of a gay member into the organization. [4] The evidence on which the Court based this decision was scant. Although the Boy Scouts introduced certain documents to support its assertion of an antigay message, the source and extent of circulation of those documents were questionable, allowing for a reasonable conclusion that the documents did not truly represent any expressive message of the Boy Scouts. On the contrary, there was evidence that the Boy Scouts, in fact, take no position on homosexuality and that the group’s intention in excluding homosexuals was actually to discriminate based on nothing more than the individual’s status, something prohibited by New Jersey’s public accommodations statute. The Court was able to reach its decision because, rather than being required to look only at objective evidence, courts have broad discretion in determining what the expressive purpose, if any, of an organization is. [5] Such discretion allows courts to infuse their own biases and prejudices, either for or against the organization’s asserted expressive message, into their decisions, as arguably the Court did in Dale. To prevent this from happening, courts should adopt a clear statement rule: an organization that wishes to assert an expressive purpose that would require discrimination of a class protected by state law should be required to present a clear statement, found in the organization’s written brochures, bylaws, official documents or other publications, of the organization’s discriminatory message. Part I of this paper provides 2007-12-18T10:13:34-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Case-Analysis-Boy-Scouts-Vs_-Dale-33474.aspx The Leaders fault or the Ambassador’s fault In times of negotiations people forget the actual role that ambassadors are suppose to play for their country. An ambassador is a political puppet controlled by the leader of a nation and is suppose to convey only what they were instructed by their leader. It’s frustrating for a committee to listen to an ambassador blow out a lot of hot air. The thing is they shouldn’t be angry at the ambassador, but at the person instructing the ambassador which most often is the leader. It’s frustrating because it shows how the side trying to gain some ground runs into a diplomat who’s been told to be stubborn. The west makes this mistake more often because people assume a lie is being told and being that westerners have a one track mind that doesn’t help to see the other side. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis was occurring and Khrushchev was instructing his diplomats on what to say to prevent every nation who wasn’t aware from knowing what the Soviets were doing in Cuba. The only nation aware at the time was the United States. Then Khrushchev’s Ambassador to the United States Andrei Gromyko arrived in Washington D.C to talk to President Kennedy. Kennedy thought Gromyko was lying the whole time they talked, but actually Gromyko was acting as he was directed by Premier Khrushchev. Proving political discussions can be deceiving if not followed correctly. The American politicians were sold Gromyko was lying and what they weren’t aware of was Gromyko was doing his job for the Soviets. Premier Khrushchev was running a political puppet show and his puppets were the ambassadors who came into western countries saying the missiles would be for defensive purposes only. Ambassador Gromyko was one of Khrushchev’s puppets that almost convinced the U.S to allow missiles to be kept in Cuba. The dangers of puppetry politics is that the side listening does not know whether the person is bluffing or trying to make you believe something that’s not true. North Korea’s leader, Iran’s leader have their puppet politicians tell the United Nations and the United States that they’ll shut down their nuclear programs. Then once the United States and United Nations along with the world are sold on that happening, Iran along with North Korea secretly start up again leaving every non-western nation clueless because 2007-06-23T22:58:24-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/World-Diplomacy-and-Politics-in-1962-and-today-2007-33264.aspx Slavery by Wilson Salman During the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and part of the Nineteenth Century the White people of North America used the Black people of Africa as slaves to benefit their interests. White people created a climate of superiority of their race over the Black African race that in some places, still lingers on today. The American Civil War however, was a key turning point for the Black African race. Through their actions and the political actions of President Lincoln and his administration, Black Africans set a presedent for their freedom, equality and iberation. A very important aspect of Blacks proving themselves was that of the Black Man acting as a soldier in the Civil War. During the Civil War the official decision to use Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was a slow gradual process and a series of strategic political decisions. The actual use of Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was completed by a series of actions the Black Man performed that won him the respect of becoming a soldier. The two differ in that it was to President Lincoln's benefit to enlist Blacks as soldiers when he did. Whereas the later was the Black Man's will to fight for his freedom and prove himself as an equal human being. However, because the Black population was barred from entering the army under a 1792 law(4) the Black Man becoming a soldier was not officially recognized until late 1862. "There was strong anti-Black prejudice among most people in the free states, and in the loyal slave states the idea of arming the Black man was anthema"(1). This statement directly reflects the generally held fear White people had about putting Blacks on the fighting line of the armies in the Civil War. Whites felt that the Civil War was a war started upon the White Man's issues and what possible reason would the Black Man have for wanting to fight in this war. On the contrary The Black Man saw The Civil War as an opportunity to win freedom and gain respect(2). Blacks in the North who were free from slavery willingly pledged their service to fight in the Union Army however, their allegiance was denied by President Lincoln on political grounds. Lincoln realized that the issue of Black soldiers would be intolerable by the public and would not be accepted. Initially, the Union Army utilized Northern Blacks from 2007-01-19T14:47:36-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Slavery--32423.aspx Collapse of the Soviet Union by Wilson Salman The Soviet Union was a global superpower, possessing the largest armed forces on the planet with military bases from Angola in Africa, to Vietnam in South-East Asia, to Cuba in the Americas. When Mikhail Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, nobody expected than in less than seven years the USSR would disintergrate into fifteen separate states. Gorbachev's attempt at democratising the totalitarian Soviet system backfired on him as the Soviet republics began to revolt against Moscow's control. This was not a case of economic and political crisis producing liberalisation and democratisation. Rather, it was liberalisation and democratisation that brought the regime to crisis point. After coming to power, Gorbachev implemented a domestic economic reforms that he hoped would improve living standards and worker productivity as part of his perestroika (reconstruction) program. The Law on Cooperatives, enacted in May 1987, was perhaps the most radical of the economic reforms during the early part of the Gorbachev era. For the first time since Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy, the law permitted private ownership of businesses in the services, manufacturing, and foreign-trade sectors. The law initially imposed high taxes and employment restrictions, but it later revised these to avoid discouraging private-sector activity. Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene. Gorbachev's introduction of glasnost (openness) gave new freedoms to the people, such as a greater freedom of speech; a radical change as control of speech and suppression of government criticism had previously been a central part of the Soviet system. The press became far less controlled and thousands of political prisoners and many dissidents were released in the spirit of glasnost. In January 1987, Gorbachev called for demokratizatsiya (democratization) — the infusion of democratic elements such as multicandidate elections into the Soviet political process. In June 1988, at the CPSU's Nineteenth Party Conference, Gorbachev launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. In December 1988, the Supreme Soviet approved the formation of a Congress of People's Deputies, which constitutional amendments had established as the Soviet Union's new legislative body. Abroad, Gorbachev sought to improve relations and trade with the West. On October 11 1986, Gorbachev and U.S. President Ronald Reagan met in Reykjavik, Iceland, to discuss reducing intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. This led to the 2007-01-19T14:37:08-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union-32422.aspx "Using the case of the anti-Nike sweatshop labor campaign, discuss the basis, the process and the problems faced by new transnational social movement coalitions." In an increasingly globalized world Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have acquired unprecedented levels of power and autonomy. Spurred on by neo-liberal economic ideology, deregulation of markets and increasing international flows of capital, TNCs are relocating manufacturing to countries where labor costs are cheapest as a means of maximizing profits at the expense of social welfare. Whilst globalization has enabled TNCs to operate more freely in the international arena, it has also facilitated social interaction and social organization amongst actors by creating new channels of political participation and new identity discourses. Greater global interdependence and advancing communication and transportation technology has augmented relations between people across vast geographical divides leading to a growing awareness regarding the unequal relationship between the workers who produce goods and those that consume them. Resultant concerns amongst participants in international civil society about the lack of effective regulations controlling the activities of TNCs and the associated negative societal and environmental ramifications are finding expression in forms of globalized resistance against the hegemonic forces of neo-liberal capitalism. Consequently, increasing numbers of cross-boarder coalitions consisting of workers, activists and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are stepping into the void left by the retrenchment of nation-stare power. The international campaign mounted against Nike Inc., the worlds leading athletic shoe and sports-apparel company, to protest its involvement in sweatshop labour practices provides a useful example of the foundations, processes and difficulties that transnational social movement coalitions face when advocating for workers rights and greater corporate social responsibility. By using the case of anti-Nike campaign and applying theories relating to new transnational social movement coalitions (TSMC) this essay will attempt to provide an analysis of the organizational forms and manifold practices that activists and workers engaged in within the context of increasing globalization. Globalization and Transnational Social Movements The concept of ‘globalization’ is subject to multiple interpretations and as such lacks a single universally accepted definition. Broadly speaking however, it encompasses a multiplicity of interlocking and contradictory dynamics unfolding on a global scale, with powerful processes promoting homogenization and similitude existing paradoxically with forces which encourage heterogenization and diversity. The contemporary era is characterized by an intensification of processes associated with globalization, manifesting in uneven and unpredictable ways across economic, political, and social landscapes, and affecting the most local to global of 2006-09-28T11:08:41-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Nike-Sweatshop-Campaign-and-Transnational-Social-Movements-31472.aspx Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was one of the most influential political philosophers of all time, providing both support and justification of government. During his lifetime there was considerable political turmoil between the King and the Parliament, whereby Hobbes wrote in support of the King and the concept of absolute sovereignty. What is particularly interesting about Hobbes’s writings is that he was the first philosopher to use a scientific approach in an attempt to understand human behavior. Supported particularly by the notion of mechanic materialism, the idea that anything can be reduced to material bodies in motion. Through his most highly regarded work Leviathan, Hobbes explores human nature and provides rationale for the need of government. In the absence of government, there can be no possibility of society and thus civilized life ceases to exist as man is said to be in a state of nature. Such a state is akin to that of war, where a man acts solely in the pursuit of self-interest regardless of the detriment he may be causing to others. Thus, Hobbes proposed that man in the interest of self-protection would use reason and enter into covenant, in turn, creating a commonwealth based upon a social contract. Under such circumstances with authority residing in an absolute sovereign the condition for morality is present. The basis for Hobbes’s conception of the state of nature resides in his pessimistic views regarding the nature of man. That is to say, Hobbes believed human nature was completely egoistic and, ultimately, man lacked compassion or regard for fellow human beings. As one is devoid of concern for anyone else, each individual is solely interested in attaining what he or she desires and is primarily driven by competition, diffidence, and glory. In achieving the ends to one’s happiness, one must use his or her power through engaging in intense competition for limited resources. It must be noted that Hobbes believed that in the state of nature man was essentially equal in terms of power, in that, every individual had the capacity to kill. Under such circumstances, without any sort of organization or central governing power, man is “in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as is of every man, against every man” (109). This concept is further supported in one’s ability to 2006-07-18T12:59:13-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Political-Philosophy-of-Thomas-Hobbes-30350.aspx Cultural Examination of the Filipinos Southeast Asia is the location of a small country called the Philippines. Formally, Republic of the Philippines, the archipelago consists of roughly 7,100 islands that are located in the southwest Pacific Ocean just Southeast of China. Natives of the country are called Filipinos. The term formerly originated when lowland Christian Spaniards, called indios, began referring to themselves as “Filipinos” (Dolan 76). The ethnic background of a modern day Filipino is as complex as a typical American’s; it is a combination of numerous cultures. So the term “Filipino” means little more than does the term “American” (Bullen 36). The first known settlers on the islands were the Negritos, the aboriginal Filipinos, who arrived about 30,000 years ago (Guillermo 2). Since then, many different types of people have continuously inhabited the islands such as Chinese, Malaysian, Indonesian, Japanese, Spanish, as well as American for over 25,000 years (Levinson 153). Therefore, through centuries of interracial mating, the modern Filipino has become a unique blend of various cultures, resulting in a diverse population. The Land: Pre-History of the Philippine Archipelago Around 65 million years ago, scientists believe that the Philippines and the island of Borneo were one landmass that was thrown up by volcanic eruptions in the ocean bed (Bullen 36). The eruptions were one of many processes of Plate Tectonics, which refers to changes in the configuration of Earth’s crust as a result of internal forces (Christopherson 323). In time, the islands detached from each other, becoming unoccupied territory for inviting settlers. However, during that time, the human species was still in the process of evolution, so the land was settled by tenants other than human. According to Jared Diamond, the origin of human history began in central Africa about 7 million years ago. Humans were confined in the continent for the next 5 million years (36). Homo erectus was the first human ancestor to spread beyond the continent of Africa toward the Southeast Asian region about 1 million years ago. After detaching from the landmass, the archipelago became its own isolated and independent country (Diamond 37). The Land: Facts on the Philippines Officially called Republic of the Philippines, this small island country in Southeast Asia is an archipelago consisting of some 7,100 islands and islets lying about 2006-07-17T23:00:17-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Cultural-Examination-of-the-Filipinos-30327.aspx Man’s Inalienable Right Under God And Within A Republic The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African” written by himself, explores the life of a native-born African in pursuit of a life, liberty and freedom in the English world. For the most part the narrative’s purpose was to impress a formidable audience: influential British officials. In chapter twelve of the narrative, he put forth two impressive arguments: the first economic rationale and the second moral duty. Equiano’s paramount argument petitioned Christians by calling on the scriptures as evidence in the immediate necessity to abolish slavery and simultaneously called in question the ideology set forth in republicanism and the denial thereof to victims of slavery. Olaudah Equiano’s freedom ended as a young boy when his fellow countrymen kidnapped and sold him into slavery. In his report of the Middle Passage Equiano gave his first impressions of the English control - death of the body as well as the spirit. This initial voyage ended in Barbados. After a short time Equiano boards a ship headed for an English colony of Virginia, where he would spend the next seven years as a slave owned by Pascal. During these seven years, he educated himself, traveled with Pascal in the Royal Navy, and converted to Christianity. Subsequently he purchased his freedom and in 1789 and shortly after wrote his memoirs. His memoirs realized its ultimate purpose in 1797 with the abolition of the English slave trade. The memoirs reached varied audiences, initially composed of American, European, and religiously motivated abolitionists but targeted the deliberators in favor of slavery abolishment within the British government. His composition of the narrative employed a strategy of social desirability with an indication of hypocrisy that targeted the concept of humanity, the evolution of liberty and the ideals of civilization. This strategy indirectly attacked its readers with humility that in turn created guilt in its captive audience. According to one side of the issue, economic rationale appealed to government officials in the government’s quest to acquire a large market for European products. Equiano assured the officials with the premises that African commerce “is trading upon safe grounds” and “commercial intercourse with Africa opens an inexhaustible source of wealth to the manufacturing interests of Great Britain”; two equally powerful assumptions put forth by an African native 2006-06-07T16:18:51-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Man’s-Inalienable-Right-Under-God-And-Within-A-Republic-29098.aspx 1 CHAPTER 3: THREE-DIMENSIONAL POWER PRV, first published as a short book some thirty years ago in the context of an ongoing debate, makes several contentious claims in an extremely brief compass. It offers a definition of the concept of power, claiming both that the concept is ‘essentially contested’ and that the conceptual analysis proposed is superior to those criticized; and it claims to provide a way of analyzing power that goes deeper and is at once value-laden, theoretical and empirical. As indicated, these claims face a series of difficulties and objections (not least that they are mutually incompatible) that many critics have pressed and pursued. In considering these claims, difficulties and objections, the question before us is: what in the foregoing presentation, reproduced as Chapter 1 of this volume, is to be abandoned, what qualified, what defended and what developed further? In this chapter I shall, first, resume what has already been suggested concerning the specificity of power as domination within the wider conceptual field of power in general and defend focusing on power in this sense. Second, I will ask whether it is plausible to think that we can arrive at an uncontested way of understanding it and argue that, because of its links with no less contested notions of freedom, authenticity, autonomy and real interests, it is not. Third, I will defend the claim that power has a third dimension-- securing the consent to domination of willing subjects--against two kinds of objection: that such consent is non-existent or very rare, and that it cannot be secured. Finally, I will argue that conceiving of power in this way cannot dispense with a defensible understanding of the notions of ‘real interests’ and ‘false consciousness.’ The Definition of Power In the first place, as already adumbrated in Chapter 2, the definition of ‘the underlying concept of power’ offered in Section 5 of PRV is, plainly, entirely unsatisfactory in several respects. Following others in the ‘power debate,’ it focuses on the exercise of power, thereby committing the ‘exercise fallacy’: power is a dispositional concept, identifying an ability or capacity, which may or may not be exercised. Secondly, it focuses entirely on the exercise of ‘power over’--the power of some A over some B and B’s condition of dependence on A. Thirdly, it equates such dependence-inducing power with domination, assuming that ‘A affects B in a manner contrary to B’s interests,’ thereby neglecting what we have seen to be the manifold ways in which power over others can be productive, transformative, authoritative and compatible with dignity. Fourthly, assuming that power, thus defined, affects the interests 2005-10-25T19:50:02-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Three-Dimensional-Power-28070.aspx Aristotle and Rousseau formulate their accounts of human nature in Book I and the Origins of Inequality respectively. Each account analyzes the development of human nature through quite different teleological methods. These philosophers approach various topics quite differently due to their opposing viewpoints on what state humans are most happy with. Despite their different approaches both Aristotle and Rousseau arrive at equally convincing conclusions. The two distinguish humans from animals as well as describe humans as social beings to a certain extent. Human nature is very different for Aristotle and Rousseau. Both have opposing views in their examinations of what state is most natural for mankind. In book I Aristotle describes that, “The city-state is also prior in nature to the household and to each of us individually, since a whole is necessarily prior to its parts” (1253a15). Aristotle views this city-state as the most evolved and best state for humans. The analogy of the acorn and the oak tree is commonly used in this situation. Neither an acorn nor a sapling is the final product in the growth of an oak tree. Understanding human nature, for Aristotle, is study of the pinnacle of human achievement. To Aristotle the polis is this pinnacle because we strive for something beyond family structure. In other words, Aristotle believes that what is naturally is not chronologically first. Rousseau’s teleological analysis of human nature is seemingly in direct conflict with Aristotle’s claim that, “Anyone who cannot form a community with others…he is either a beast or a god” (1253a25). Rousseau’s account would appear beastly to Aristotle, but Rousseau describes the original state of man as, “nothing is so gentle as man in his primitive state…” (64). We create extensive political systems and feel as if we escape the harms of nature through the system. Rousseau would argue that creating a political body opens us up for a whole new set of harms. He would in fact claim that these harms are on a much greater scale because no war or oppression would occur without such a system. Aristotle is much more hesitant. He puts no faith in pure human nature without some greater power to rule. Rousseau is quick to further depict this state as, “maintaining a middle position between the indolence of 2005-05-14T17:04:38-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Human-Nature-in-the-Accounts-of-Aristotle-and-Rousseau-26598.aspx The political leadership of Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah liberated the Gold Coast into the State of Ghana on March 6, 1957. In this time period the continent of Africa was experiencing the political changes of its people against imperial rule of powers such as, France, Britain, Poland, and Portugal. When colonial rule ended in Ghana, there were only eight independent African States Ethiopia, Ghana, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Liberia and Sudan. Even while witnessing the beginnings of Colonial Independence, Nkrumah believed that Imperialist have "cleverly postponed their ultimate and inevitable demise by deviously granting formal sovereignty to their colonies, yet by various economic and political demises continuing to exploit and direct the fortunes of new states." We'll find that Nkrumah's tactical political objectives against Imperialism were right, when the political environment was ripe shifting towards Colonial Independence. Moreover, leading him to seek the vision Ghana's Colonial Unification and Continental Unity of Africa as whole, earning him a place in African political history. The Road to Ghana's Colonial Independence As a graduate student in England, he presented his political beliefs against Colonialist, by joining student organizations and disseminating his message through the press. While at the London School of economics to the In 1947 Kwame published a powerful pamphlet denouncing Imperialist rule in the Gold Coast, Towards Colonial Freedom, where he presented a four-point program that called for the abolition of political illiteracy, the organization of the masses and the establishment of an educational fund and an national press. He became Vice President of the West African Student Union while at the same time denouncing foreign rule in Africa through the African Interpreter. Such passion toward ending foreign rule drove Kwame to form secret society know as Circle Union of Socialist African Republics that sought to liberate Africa from Imperialist oppression. After forming the circle in England, Kwame was asked become a secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), "an organization formed mainly by lawyers, doctors and chiefs, to end British colonial rule in the Gold Coast in the shortest possible time" in 1947. In his new position, Kwame demonstrated the organizational skills he acquired through Coloured Workers Association by quickly expanding UGCC offices throughout Ghana from two to six hundred with a six-month framework. This outreach program proved to be effective, in spreading 2004-12-10T20:34:43-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/African-Politics-Kwame-Nkrumah-25810.aspx John Locke uses the fundamental principles of the state of nature as a foundation for his conclusion about the principles of politics. He notes that human nature inevitably inclines people to leave the state of nature and enter civil society. He begins with the state of nature to show the many factors that would incline human beings to enter into a governmental society. Locke details why the state of nature does not work and why there is a need for civil society. The state of nature is the basis of Locke’s essay. It asserts that all people were born into a state of equality and no one man has authority or political power over any one but himself. In the state of nature, men and women have these unchallengeable rights. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it. Under the law of nature, each person is free to pursue life, liberty, and property. These rights are available to us all based on a couple of concepts. The first is that we all are the workmanship of God, and should treat each other in the way He would have us treat each other. The second is the moral concept that we are all born with the same capacities and faculties and therefore, no one man is any less equal than another. The third is the prudential argument, which states that it is in our own interest to follow the laws of nature. Since the right to execute the law of nature gives every man a right to be judge and jury, the prudential reason for following the laws is that if you commit a crime against anther, they or their family will seek to punish you. In the state of nature, any offense that can be committed must be punished appropriately. The punishment should be as much as necessary to make for repentance and deter any such future acts of crime. A transgression against one man is one against society as a whole. Locke states that any person who sets out to injure himself or others should not be given equal rights under the law of nature. Unfortunately, the right of each man to protect his own rights, if acted upon, would lead to chaos. In order to avoid this chaos, 2004-10-30T23:13:21-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/John-Locke--25652.aspx