https://www.echeat.com/ 2022-03-17T02:23:53.28-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/affidavit-for-tarus-kevin-sadler-u_-s_-republic-indigenous-moor-american-national-45554.aspx 2022-03-12T02:15:14.92-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/affidavit-of-written-initial-universal-commercial-code-financing-statement-45550.aspx A Message Designated to the Next President Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Name: Address: City: Date His Excellency the Next President P.O. Box 1180 Washington Dear next president; After the enactment of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, aimed at educating children with disabilities alongside those who did not have any disabilities, there was a significant change in the US education (Glickman, 2007). Alongside the approach, a similar initiative could be integrated into the scheme of special education in K-12. It is my sincere plea to you Nr. President that you should not forget about our mentally challenged children. These kids have different requirements and therefore, it is integral to consider numerous aspects before placing a disabled student in the classroom. Due to the prevalence of many types of growth disabilities among young children, these kids first receive their initial referral for special education by their parents and teachers. Some of these growth delays are; communicative, social, physical and cognitive. In the prevalence of any of the delays, then it becomes evident that the kid is in need of special needs education. However, the level of assimilation of these children to the K-12 special needs education in this country is still wanting. The students should be presented with learning aid in the event where the subjects are disabled. The tutors, on the other hand, should be equipped with relevant skills and knowledge to facilitate the efficient imparting of the K-12 education. The schools should ensure transparency and a balanced education scheme not forgetting to encourage diversity in the institutions, as a way of promoting collaboration and embracing diversity. In the ancient period, there were only a few classes with disabled individuals and what is more intriguing is that a significant proportion of these disabled kids failed to attend their classes. As such, they had to be placed in special schools or classes. However, this is not the case today as the form of learning has progressively been replaced by an inclusive program. Mr. President, I would like to request that the K-12 special education initiative follows the same approach. With clear goals and specifications on what is expected of the move as presented in this letter, it is much easier to realize the initiative. Therefore, I take this opportunity to present to you some of the various advancements that you should consider enforcing to improve special education in K-12. It is my urge that energies should be focused on the provision of 2017-07-07T03:08:05.093-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Letter-to-the-president-45357.aspx Name: Institutional Affiliation: Tutor: Date: Hero A hero is an individual who in the opinion of others, has exceptional achievements, abilities or personal qualities, and is considered as a role model. A hero is a genuine person who cares for the well-being and prosperity of others without seeking for fame. Someone who goes beyond societal norms and expectations. Heroes are important because they give people something to aspire for, provide hope and meaning to people’s lives. In the movie “Truman Show” the leading actor-Truman Burbank in the film is the hero. Truman Burbank is a 29-year-old, insurance salesman, who lives in a prosperous town called Seahaven, which is located on an island, probably off the coast of Florida. Truman is a sincere and kind person who begins to suspect that there is something strange going on in his life. He gradually learns the truth that he has been his entire life has been filmed for a television show that is broadcasted 24 hours daily. All the people he knows are professional actors who are paid to be part of his life. Discussed below are reasons why Truman Burbank is the hero in the movie “Truman show. “ Truman is a courageous individual. He has a phobia of water. This fear started when Truman was young. When he was young, he witnessed his father drown in a storm. As a consequence, he developed paranoia for traveling in water. The producer of the movie wanted Truman never to leave the island. Eventually, Truman becomes determined to leave the island. He had never left the island before. He is willing to go and look for the girl she once loved. Despite the producer manipulating the weather conditions to the extreme, Truman is not frightened to continue with his mission of leaving the island. Truman is dedicated and trustworthy. At work, Truman appears dedicated and honest, although he is “secretly” trying to create a picture of his lost love, Laureen, from models in magazine ads. Even though many years had gone since he last saw the girl she loved, he was still determined to look for her. In another instance, every means of transport was blocked. Cars, buses, and boats were no allowed to leave the island. Truman, because of his determination, seek different alternative of escaping from the island. At this point, Truman’s past comes back to him, and reminds him why it’s so difficult to 2017-02-24T01:39:11.003-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/A-hero-is-an-individual-who-in-the-opinion-of-others,-has-exceptional-achievements,-abilities-or-personal-qualities,-and-is-considered-as-a-role-model-45290.aspx Napoleon Demographical Napoleon was born on August 15 1769 in the town of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica. Corsica is a small island on the south-east of France near Italy. His parents names were Carlo (Charles) and Maria Buonaparte. He had one older brother and six younger siblings. His family was part of the lower nobility. He died on May 5 1821 at the age of 51 in Saint Helena Britain; he died of stomach cancer. Corsica on a map Education Napoleon moved to France at the age of 9. He was first enrolled in a religious school in the city of Autun to learn French in January of 1779. In May his father enrolled him and his brother in the aristocrats military school. He was bullied a lot because of his Corsican accent because of his social status. When he finished at that school he started at the Ecole Militaire in Paris. He was not an exceptional student but he had a passion for reading, and after he finished school he read to re-educate himself. Napoleon never learned how to spell but his teachers thought he had potential. Italian Campaign Napoleons Italian campaign took place from 1796-1797 between the French and the Austrians who ruled Italy. At the time Napoleons army was of only 38,000 men ,and the Austrians also had 38,000 men but they convinced their allies to fight against the French as well. The Piedmontese had 25,000 men which added up to a total of 63,000 men against the French. Napoleons decided he would isolate the Piedmontese and attack them first. The Piedmontese were quick to surrender on April 26 1796 after only two battles Montenotte and Mondovi Napoleon demanded silver and gold from his opponents. He used the silver and gold to pay his soldiers, and they were grateful for it had been a long time since they had been paid. When the French attacked Austria they fled and built a long narrow bridge, and dared Napoleon and his troops to cross it. The bridge was armed with 14 cannons and many soldiers ready to fight.His troops had a good reputation of being courageous so they charged across but halfway they retreated because of heavy fire. Napoleon urged his troops to go forward so they attempt to cross the bridge a second 2013-04-03T14:30:25.077-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-Napoleon-Bonaparte-34843.aspx Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was very important to the past history of our country. He helped to abolish slavery in this country and kept the American Union from splitting apart during the Civil War. At 22, he moved to New Salem, Illinois. With his gift for swapping stories and making friends, he became quite popular and was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1834. In his spare time, he taught himself law and became a lawyer. In 1847, he was elected to the U.S. Congress, but returned to his law practice until 1858, when his concern about the spread of slavery prompted him to return to national politics and run for the U.S. Senate. Lincoln rose to greatness from a humble beginning. Born in 1809 in a log cabin in Kentucky, Lincoln spent most of his childhood working on the family farm. He had less than a year of school but managed to educate himself by studying and reading books on his own. He believed that slavery and democracy were fundamentally incompatible. In an 1858 speech, he said: What constitutes the bulwark of our own liberty and independance? It is not our frowning battlements, our bristling sea coats, our army and our navy . . . Our defense is in the spirit which prized liberty as the heritage of all men, in all lands everywhere. Destroy this spirit and you have planted the seeds of despotism at your own doors. Familiarize yourself with the chains of bondage and you prepare your own limbs to wear them (World Book Encyclopedia). He lost his campaign for the Senate, but during the debates with his opponent Stephen Douglas, he became well known for his opposotion to slavery. The southern states, which believed they depended upon slavery to remain prosperous in the cotton, tobacco, and rice industries, threatened to secede from the nation if Lincoln won the election. Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, and by April 12, the southern states had formed the Confedrate States of America and the Civil War began. It was during the Civil War that Lincoln proclaimed the slaves free in the Confederate states. This was his famous Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863. But Lincoln knew that something else had to be done to insure liberty for the slaves after the war. So he worked 2013-02-12T05:26:08.943-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Abraham-Lincoln-34792.aspx Lifetime Accomplishments of Malcom X Malcolm X is a really interesting person when you get to know him. I was not really interested in Malcolm X when I started off, but as I slowly learned more and more about him he became a really great person. In this paper I will explain his life and try to show you the interesting things I learned. For this research paper I chose to research Malcolm X. I don’t know a lot about Malcolm, that’s why I picked him. I knew that he was black and a man who helped a lot to free slaves, but I really don’t know any details. I would like to learn about his life and all of his troubles he had when he tried to free his race. I had really good luck when I was looking for information on Malcolm X. I did not run into any problems when I was looking. I was successful in finding info when I went on the Internet. I found plenty of information that helped me write my paper. When we went to the library I found a lot of good books too. I learned so much about Malcolm X so far. I hope in my speech for this project that I can teach the class as much as I learned about him. I couldn’t find that many relations between Malcolm X and To Kill a Mockingbird. The best one I found was that Malcolm was treated a lot like Tom in the book. Malcolm was always made fun of and had an unfair trail that sentenced him to double the time in prison since he was black. In the story Tom was sentenced to death for raping a white woman but he really didn’t do it. It was his word against two other white people’s word. He lost just because he was black. Sort of the same thing happened to Malcolm. I learned so many neat things about Malcolm X’s life I will just start from the beginning. Malcolm was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. Malcolm’s given name when he was born was Malcolm Little. Malcolm’s father was a Baptist minister. He highly supported the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The Ku Klux Klan often 2007-03-19T13:57:25-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Lifetime-Accomplishments-of-Malcom-X-32825.aspx Frederick Douglas Biography African Americans have played an important role in the history and culture of the United States since it’s founding. These individuals were doctors, writers, inventors, as well as many other notable professions. There have been hundreds of unacknowledged African Americans that have done great things over the years, and it is about time that these great men and women were recognized. One of these remarkable people is Mr. Frederick Douglass, known for his courage and intelligence during the Civil War. Although Mr. Douglass never invented anything, he brought to our country many other great achievements. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey (Baly), after his mother Harriet Bailey, was born into slavery in Maryland in February of 1817. He was separated from his mother when he was very young, and he never met his father. Douglass's childhood, though he thought of it, as expressed in his autobiography, as being no more cruel or unusual than that of many of others trapped in similar conditions. The lack of domestic attachments, hard work, and inhumane treatment and conditions make up the text of his early remembrances of the main plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. In 1852, Frederick was sold to a somewhat kinder master who lived in the North. While he was still young, the wife of one of his masters, Mrs. Auld, taught Frederick the rudiments of reading and writing. Although the tutoring was limited, this provided Frederick with a basic background to help him begin his self-education. After numerous arguments with various masters, Frederick finally escaped to the North in 1838 by borrowing an African American sailor’s protection papers and impersonating the sailor. He married a free African American woman, and they settled in Bedford, Massachusetts, where they had all of their children. Douglass quickly became involved with the anti-slavery movement. In 1841 he delivered a speech at an abolitionist meeting, and the listeners were so moved by his eloquent speaking techniques, they hired him as a lecturer and persuaded him to write his autobiography about his accounts as a slave. The book raised many eyebrows, and meant exile for Douglass, so he fled to England for safety. When he returned, he resettled in Rochester, New York and started publishing his newspaper, The North Star. In 1858, as a consequence of his fame and as unofficial spokesman for African Americans, Douglass was sought out by John Brown as a recruit 2007-03-08T01:11:10-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Frederick-Douglas-Biography-32783.aspx John F. Kennedy: An American Icon Some men go through life and live it quietly and don’t change the world, however they make a difference. However then there are other men who change the way of life for an entire nation. John Kennedy was the second type of man. John Kennedy was an icon to the American culture and this is shown through the momentous changes in civil rights he made, the stands for equal rights that he made, the civil rights leaders that he was affiliated with, and the reasons behind his support. John F. Kennedy was the first president to make major adjustments in civil rights which would affect the way that some Americans lived their daily lives and would correct history by allowing all Americans to share in the ideals of equality of all in the American culture. While he didn’t make very many changes he opened the eyes of the American public to the injustices being done to some African Americans and other minorities. While Kennedy was campaigning he promised to address some civil rights issues. His speech is given in a book edited by Doris Saunders. Saunders recalls Kennedy’s speech, “I assure you in a new Democratic administration there will be far better representation, on the basis of merit, of persons of all our racial groups, including particularly those who in the past have been excluded on the basis of prejudice. For no American should be disqualified for any office because of his race, color, religion, or family origin. It is time for us to practice what our constitution preaches (22). With these simple words President Kennedy started the ball of civil rights moving. He pushed it at the top of the mountain and not even he could keep up with the pace that it would start to roll down the mountain. He also showed the American culture that all men were not given a chance to share in the life that they were freely given. He showed that although the constitution stated that all men were created equally, they were not considered equal in the eyes of the men that one should be free of oppression, their equals, not their superiors. Kennedy did make changes to the civil rights, and his most aggressive changes were in the Civil Rights Acts of 1964. Kennedy made changes to the way that Americans were living their 2007-03-05T14:20:03-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/John-F_-Kennedy-An-American-Icon-32742.aspx Biography of John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy has changed the lives of many Americans and their future generations. He fought communism, seen as an evil presence in our wold, in the Soviet Union, Cuba and China. In doing so, he prevented many people of the world from being harmed. Kennedy ensured equality for all Americans, rich or poor, black or white. He led an advance in civil and human rights, and was well liked by many of the American people. He is seen as one of the most influential Presidents ever to have been elected. Many people regard JFK as legacy. He changed the views of American citizens and helped boost the economy, not only in the United States, but globally. Beginning of political career Faced with the problem of choosing, a career, Kennedy worked for a few months in 1945 as a reporter for the Hearst newspapers, and during this time, he covered the conference at San Francisco which established the United Nations. While there he noted the ‘belligerent Russian attitude' ( Lawson, 1998, p. 1) and decided to pursue a career in politics. Early in 1946, he began an aggressive campaign against nine other candidates for a seat in the House of Representatives from the Democratic 11th Massachusetts Congressional District. His election in November of 1946 was an overwhelming success. From there, Kennedy was re-elected in 1948 and 1950. He had a pattern of mixed voting, often disagreeing with many of the policies of President Truman. Kennedy agreed with the administrations Fair Deal policies, fighting for issues such as slum clearance and low-cost public housing. His views on foreign affairs were also strong, and was critical of the President for not restraining the advance of communism in China. Most of Kennedy's views on politics were first generated and tempered here in the House of Representatives. U.S. Senate In 1952, Kennedy announced his candidacy for the senate. His opposition was Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who was a Republican. He once again campaigned vigorously with his new slogan being " Kennedy will do more for Massachusetts". (Palmer, 1994, p.86) He won the election by an overwhelming margin. As a senator, Kennedy concentrated first on making good on his campaign slogan. At the end of two years he 2007-03-05T14:08:40-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-John-Fitzgerald-Kennedy-32736.aspx The Impact of Corruption on India's Policy and Administrative Service over the last 25 years I Abstract Assessing the impact of corruption on India's polity and administrative service over the last quarter century has enabled me to gauge the progress made by India's politicians in tackling one of the country's biggest problems. In analyzing the impact of corruption on India's polity over the last 25 years, I highlight corrupt practices by Indian governments during the time-frame in question. I conjecture that the problem of corruption in India's polity is a ubiquitous one, and that corruption has carved out a niche in India's polity. Additionally, I elicit the criminalization of India's politicians by discussing the impact that money has on the functioning of contemporary Indian democracy. I also link corruption in India's polity with increasing levels of corruption in the country's private sector. I use this to conjecture that the usurpation of the country's economic wealth by a privileged minority is part of a corrupt businessman-politician nexus, which is detrimental to Indian society. I gauge the impact of corruption on India's administrative service by incorporating the views of several Indian and international experts. These opinions collate to describe the ineptitude of India's bloated administrative service, providing explanations for the service's inefficiency. My research highlights the impact that corruption has brought to bear "nepotism among administrative officials, a "license-permit-quota Raj's system and professional ineptitude" on India's administrative service. Finally, I linked corruption in India's bureaucracy with the country's underachieving economy. While much of the essay is critical of India's politicians, I juxtapose criticisms of India's politicians with corrective measures being undertaken in my conclusion. In doing so, the reader is left to decide whether or not India is any closer to dealing with the issue of corruption within its polity and administrative service, and 2007-03-04T14:43:08-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Impact-of-Corruption-on-India-s-Policy-32700.aspx A wise man once said, “Ask not what your country can do you for; ask what you can do for you country.” The man was the main m contributor in creating the Kennedy Space Program, which expanded NASA. This man was the 35th president and the first Roman Catholic in office. Though not able to finish the process, this man started the civil rights movement, leading to the end of racial discrimination. This man was the fourth president to be assassinated president in US history. This man passed many laws applying to the civil rights movement. This man believed in America. This man I speak of is worthy of not only honor in his personal life, as being a loving husband to his wife Jacqueline and father to his children, Caroline, John Jr. and Patrick, but being a fair competitor in the race for president in 1960. He was born into a rich, politically connected Boston family of Irish-Catholics on May 29, 1917. He and his eight siblings enjoyed a privileged childhood of elite private schools, sailboats, servants, and summer homes. During his childhood and youth, “Jack,” as he had otherwise been come to known as, suffered frequent serious illnesses. Nevertheless, he strove to make his own way, writing a best-selling book while still in college at Harvard and volunteering for hazardous combat duty in the Pacific during World War II. Jack graduated from Choate and entered Harvard in 1936. Kennedy's war service made him a hero. After a short period as a journalist, Kennedy entered politics, serving in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 and the U.S. Senate from 1953 to 1961. Kennedy was the youngest person elected as U.S. President and the first Roman Catholic to serve in that office. For many observers, his presidency came to represent the spring of youthful idealism in the outcome of World War II. The promise of this leader was not to be fulfilled, as he was assassinated near the end of his third year in office. His shocking death stood at the forefront of a period of political and social instability in the country and the world. He ended certain discriminations; on buses, in housing, voting, education, and racial discrimination leading to the Civil Rights Act of 1964; passed after his death. This man no other than the late John F. Kennedy He believed in childhood education. Believing 2007-02-15T01:21:18-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Tribute-to-John-F_-Kennedy--32618.aspx Biography of the First President, George Washington George Washington was born on Feb. 22, 1732 (Feb. 11, 1731/2, old style) in Westmoreland County, Va. While in his teens, he trained as a surveyor, and at the age of 20 he was appointed adjutant in the Virginia militia. For the next three years, he fought in the wars against the French and Indians, serving as Gen. Edward Braddock's aide in the disastrous campaign against Fort Duquesne. In 1759, he resigned from the militia, married Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow, and settled down as a gentleman farmer at Mount Vernon, Va. As a militiaman, Washington had been exposed to the arrogance of the British officers, and his experience as a planter with British commercial restrictions increased his anti-British sentiment. He opposed the Stamp Act of 1765 and after 1770 became increasingly prominent in organizing resistance. A delegate to the Continental Congress, Washington was selected as commander in chief of the Continental Army and took command at Cambridge, Mass., on July 3, 1775. Inadequately supported and sometimes covertly sabotaged by the Congress, in charge of troops who were inexperienced, badly equipped, and impatient of discipline, Washington conducted the war on the policy of avoiding major engagements with the British and wearing them down by harassing tactics. His able generalship, along with the French alliance and the growing weariness within Britain, brought the war to a conclusion. The chaotic years under the Articles of Confederation led surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va., on Oct. 19, 1781. Washington to return to public life in the hope of promoting the formation of a strong central government. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and yielded to the universal demand that he serve as first president. He was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, in New York, the first national capital. In office, he sought to unite the nation and establish the authority of the new government at home and abroad. Greatly distressed by the emergence of the Hamilton-Jefferson rivalry, Washington worked to maintain neutrality but actually sympathized more with Hamilton. Following his unanimous re-election in 1792, the Federalists dominated his second term. His Farewell Address on Sept. 17, 1796(published but never delivered) rebuked party spirit and warned against "permanent alliances" with foreign powers. He died at Mount Vernon on Dec. 14, 1799. Early Career George Washington was born in Westmoreland county, Va., on a farm, later known as Wakefield, 2007-01-12T03:48:33-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-the-First-President-George-Washington-32401.aspx Al Gore Biography Al gore is the democratic nomination for the president of USA in this November’s election. He is currently the VP under president Clinton Al gore was born on March 31 1948. He grew up on a farm in Carthage Tennessee. In 1965, Al meets his future bride Tipper at a high school dance when he was 17. In the late months of 1969 Al joins the army and reports to Fort Rucker, Alabama for assignment as information officer for the U.S. Army Aviation School. On May 19th 1970 Al marries Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson. They have four children: Karenna (born August 6, 1973), Kristin (born June 5, 1977), Sarah (born January 7, 1979), and finally a boy, Albert III (very original name) (born October 19, 1982). Tipper and Al own a small farm near Carthage, and the family attends New Salem Missionary Baptist Church in Carthage. In January of 1971, Al goes to Vietnam as a military journalist. Gore is assigned to the 20th Engineer Brigade located at Bien Hoa, northeast of Saigon. After the base was closed in April 1971, he was reassigned to the engineer command, in Long Binh, a large army base near Saigon. During May of 1971 Al returns home from Vietnam after being honorably discharged from the Army. He and Tipper settled in Nashville where he began working as a reporter for the Nashville Tennessean newspaper and attends the Vanderbilt University Graduate School of Religion. He later attends Vanderbilt University law school. In 1976 Al begins his political career. He announced his candidacy for Tennessee's Fourth Congressional district. Al wins a competitive primary campaign with 32 percent of the vote. During his candidacy his popularity grew and during the 1976 he won the general election race with more than 90% of the vote. Gore has always supported social issues. He has fought drug manufactures against price fixing. He also worked on pollution control, which led to the Super Fund Act of 1980. Al, as part of a new generation of legislators, becomes the first Member to deliver a live television speech on the floor of the House of Representatives. During his speech, Gore said that having live TV will "revitalize representative democracy" and "change this institution”. Al’s political popularity grew and in 1984 he was elected to the Senate. 2007-01-04T23:22:11-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Al-Gore-Biography--32229.aspx During Andrew Jackson presidency (1829-1837), Jackson put in his own ideas that were drastically diverse. These ideas were called Jacksonian Democracy. Jackson dealt with the nullification in Southern states because of tariffs, removal of Native Americans, dealing with Federalist vs. State regarding removal, spoil system, and attacking the National Bank. Some of these events had a positive outcome and some outcomes were not as good. To protect America from British manufacturers trying to destroy American competitors, Congress passed tariffs to protect American industry. These were increased in 1824 and 1828. The high tariff of manufactured goods reduced British exports to the U.S., and because of this Britain bought less cotton. With this decline of British goods, the south was forced to buy more expensive northern manufactured goods. The south felt that the north was getting richer at their expense. Calhoun, the vice-president and native of South Carolina created a nullification theory. This theory questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states. If the constitution had been established by thirteen sovereign states, he reasoned, and then they must be sovereign, and each has the right to determine whether an act of congress was constitutional. If not, the states had the right to declare that law abolished. If not, the majority in the Federal government would crush the rights of the minority. In 1832, the issue of states rights was tested when a tariff law was passed that South Carolina legislators saw as unacceptable, they declared the tariffs nullified and they threatened to secede from the Union if anyone came to collect taxes. Jackson became furious when hearing these threats. He felt that the actions in declaring a federal law void, ignored the will of the people as written in the Constitution. He declared these actions as treasonous and threatened to hang Calhoun and send troops into South Carolina to impose the tariff. In 1883, with Jackson?s approval, a Force Bill was passed. This allowed the federal government to use the army against South Carolina if state authorities refused to accept paying dues. There would possibly been a Civil War, until Henry Clay stepped in and created a compromise. He proposed a tariff that would gradually lower taxes over a ten-year period. There was a compromise for now but this topic would come again in the Civil War. Andrew Jackson acted too hastily and forcefully and if not for 2006-12-19T03:34:23-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Andrew-Jackcon-Biography-32062.aspx Biography Michael Norman Manley Michael Norman Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972-1980 and 1989-1992, was the first political figure to provide support for the large population of Rastafarians residing in Jamaica. It was under the rule of this man that reform for the people began to take place. Born to a prominent political figure, Manley attended Jamaica College in Kingston from 1935-1962. He was also in the Royal Canadian Air Force during 1939-1945. After earning a bachelor’s degree and leaving the air force, he attended the London School of Economics from 1945-1949. Hoping to explore the world, he remained in London and took a job as a journalist with the BBC. In 1952, Manley decided that he wanted to return to his homeland. Being a strong-minded individual striving for change, Manley took on the responsibility of becoming a trade union negotiator, and the president of the National Workers Union of Jamaica. He strove to provide a better life for all those who lived on Jamaica. In 1969 when his father, Norman Washington Manley passed away, Michael took over his position as leader of the PNP. Norman Manley was the original founder of the PNP, chief minister of Jamaica from 1955-1959, and prime minister from 1959-1962. With the 1972 election quickly approaching, the PNP began campaigning for Manley In 1972 alone Manley passed over 12 reform programs including: -From 1973 to 1975 Manley instituted over 30 additional programs and policies -Perhaps one of Manley’s most important initial reforms was the lowering of the voting age. This act alone allowed Rastafarians to take on a much larger role in the democratic aspects of the government. -Manley was also one of the first Prime Ministers to advocate for social equality. Michael Manley’s reforms reached a wide array of Jamaican citizens. In 1973 Manley announced his plan to make secondary and university education free of charge. He received much opposition from the middle and upper class citizens, and also from members of his own staff. The finance minister David Coore had vetoed the plan, and Manley was ridiculed for not consulting him, prior to announcing it’s implementation during his 1973 budget speech. Manley and his administration began what is known as one of their greatest accomplishments, the National Bauxite reform. In the 1972 PNP election manifesto, the party had promised to establish a National Bauxite Commission. This commission 2006-12-19T02:36:07-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-Michael-Norman-Manley-32050.aspx Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) was born on August 27, 1908 in Johnson City Texas. . Lyndon was the thirty-sixth president of the United States. He graduated from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in 1930. Throughout his political career he was a democrat. He became one of the greatest men in Washington. His Life LBJ began his life in 1908. He graduated from Johnson City High School in Texas in the year 1924. Then he attended Southwest State Teachers College and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from 1927-1930. After he graduated he got a job that same year, teaching speaking and debate in Sam Houston High School in Houston, Texas. He taught for only one year, 1930-1931. On November 17 1934, he married his wife Claudia “Lady Bird” Taylor. From 1935-1937, he was the National Youth Administration in Texas. He then became an U.S. representative from Texas. During this time, he served active duty in World War II in the Navy as a Lieutenant Commander from 1941-1942. In 1944 his life took a big turn, he had his first child, Lynda. In 1947 he had his second child, Luci. For his next 11 years of his life he was an U.S. Senate member, and a leader of the Senate for his last 5 years, 1949-1960. In the election of the vice president in 1961, LBJ served for only two years, leaving for presidency after Kennedy’s assassination. In the election of 1963 for president Lyndon became the thirty-sixth president of the United States. In 1971 he wrote a novel about his time as the president, “The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency”. On January 22, 1973, LBJ died on his ranch just outside his hometown of Johnson City, and was later buried on his ranch. Childhood and Education Lyndon had a few hints of his future in his child hood. His family, longtime residents of Texas, was not a wealthy family. His parents worked all day on a farm, a bad section of land to farm, and had a hard time giving him advantages. He attended public schools throughout his education and graduated from Johnson City 2006-12-05T15:41:13-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-Lyndon-B_-Johnson-31886.aspx Timeline of the Life of Ernesto Che Guevara Today I would like to tell you the Biograpie of Ernesto Guevara also called El comandante che. First of all does anybody no anything about che? Young Ernesto GuevaraErnesto Guevara de la Serna is born June 14, 1928 in Rosario, one of the most important cities in Argentina, in a well off family. A family with aristocratic roots but socialistic ideas.After attending a primary school in 1947, Ernesto Guevara meets the young Berta Gilda Infante, also known as Tita. She is a member of the Argentine Communistic Youth. They build up a profound friendship. Together they read Marxist texts and discuss the actualities.In 1948, Ernesto, who is 20 years old at that time, undergoes an examination at the faculty of medicine at the University of Buenos Aires. In March he passes for the examinations of the first year, in June for those of the second year and in December for those from the third year. A journey through Latin-AmericaIn October he decides to make his first trip through Latin-America. Together with Alberto Granado he leaves in January 1952 on an old « Norton » 500-cc motorbike.About Chili he writes: « The most important effort that needs to be done is to get rid of the uncomfortable ‘Yankee-friend’. It is especially at this moment an immense task, because of the great amount of dollars they have invested here and the convenience of using economical pressure whenever they believe their interests are being threatened. On May 1 they arrive in Lima. Che meets doctor Hugo Pesce, a Peruvian scientist, and director of the national leprosy program and an important Marxist. They discuss several nights until the morning comes. Year’s later Che puts that these conversations were very important for the change in his attitude towards life and the society.On May 17 he leaves for the leper-centre of San Pablo in the Peruvian Amazon forest. He arrives on June 7. During his visit to this place, he complaints about the miserable way that the people of that region and the sick have to live. There were no clothes, almost no food and no medication.After working there for a few weeks, he leaves for Leticia, Colombia via the Amazon River.July 17 he arrives in Caracas. There he decides to go back to Buenos Aires to finish his studies in medical science. He travels with 2006-11-17T01:42:36-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Timeline-of-the-Life-of-Ernesto-Che-Guevara-31777.aspx During Andrew Jackson’s presidency (1829-1837), Jackson put in his own ideas that were significantly different being called Jacksonian Democracy. He dealt with the nullification in Southern states because of tariffs, removal of Native Americans, dealing with Federalist vs. State regarding removal, spoil system, and attacking the National Bank. Some of these events had a positive outcome and some outcomes were brutal. To protect America from British manufacturers trying to destroy American competitors, Congress passed tariffs to protect American industry. These were increased in 1824 and 1828. The high tariff of manufactured goods reduced British exports to the U.S., and because of this Britain bought less cotton. With this decline of British goods, the south was forced to buy more expensive northern manufactured goods. The south felt that the north was getting richer at their expense. Calhoun, the vice-president and native of South Carolina created a nullification theory. This theory questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states. If the constitution had been established by thirteen sovereign states, he reasoned, and then they must be sovereign, and each has the right to determine whether an act of congress was constitutional. If not, the states had the right to declare that law abolished. If not, the majority in the Federal government would crush the rights of the minority. In 1832, the issue of states’ rights was tested when a tariff law was passed that South Carolina legislators saw as unacceptable, they declared the tariffs nullified and they threatened to secede from the Union if anyone came to collect taxes. Jackson became furious when hearing these threats. He felt that the actions in declaring a federal law void, ignored the will of the people as written in the Constitution. He declared these actions as treasonous and threatened to hang Calhoun and send troops into South Carolina to impose the tariff. In 1883, with Jackson’s approval, a Force Bill was passed. This allowed the federal government to use the army against South Carolina if state authorities refused to accept paying dues. There would possibly been a Civil War, until Henry Clay stepped in and created a compromise. He proposed a tariff that would gradually lower taxes over a ten-year period. There was a compromise for now but this topic would 2006-09-20T23:04:30-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Andrew-Jackson--31466.aspx Review of Various Hitler Biographies The historian and Hitler biographer Allan Bullock once wrote of his subject, "the more I learn about Hitler, the less I can explain it." To say the least, Hitler presents a challenge for any biographer. According to one of those who famously accepted the challenge, Joachim Fest, Hilter was an "unperson," whose demonic energy and sheer force of will nearly destroyed an entire civilization. In contrast to the darkly romantic overtones of Fest's interpretation, Bullock viewed Hitler as merely a craven mediocrity, "an opportunist entirely without principle," as he wrote in his 1952 biography, tellingly subtitled "a study in tyranny." There is no end to the historiographical battles over the Third Reich and the phenomenon of Adolph Hitler. There is, it seems, no "getting him right." It is no surprise, then, that Hitler is one of the most written about figures in human history. But oddly enough, until the appearance of Ian Kershaw's now complete two volume life(Hitler 1889-1936:Hubris, Hitler:1936-1945:Nemesis, both Norton), it has been several decades since the last full-scale biography. The recent publication of Kerhshaw's second volume occasioned much acclaim for the British historian, who was lauded as the rightful successor to Fest and Bullock. Indeed, it was pointed out that neither Fest nor Bullock tried to explain Hitler as the product of a unique interaction between the Furher and the German people, as does Kershaw; their narratives focused on his personal traits and habit of mind. For Kershaw, Hitler "was a social product--a creation of social expectations and motivations vested in Hitler by his followers." Gordon Craig, one the most prominent historians of modern Germany, praised Kershaw's efforts in the New York Review of Books: "In the telling of his lamentable story, Kershaw keep his temper, and his tone is level, analytical, and judicious." Similarly, Omer Bartov, in The New Republic, thought very highly of Kershaw¹s method, calling his account "massive, extensively researched, extraordinarily balanced, and remarkably judicious..." He added that Kershaw's work "is likely to remain the definitive biography for a long time to come. It is also a highly readable, often exciting book, even for those who already read as much as they thought they would ever want to about this 'Scourge of God'" By far the best political biography of Adolf Hilter published in recent years is that of Ian Kershaw's," exulted Milton Rosenberg in the Chicago Tribune. "Compared to many others 2006-08-09T12:31:53-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Review-of-Various-Hitler-Biographies-31191.aspx Complete Benjamin Frankilin Biogrpahy Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah Franklin was the father of 17 children. Benjamin’s father wanted him to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send Benjamin to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young boy Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type which was demanding work. At the age 12 Benjamin began selling their products in the streets. When Benjamin was 15 his brother started The New England Courant the first "newspaper" in Boston. The people aboard only readied most of the newspaper at that time. James's paper carried articles, opinion pieces written by James's friends, advertisements, and news of ship schedules. Benjamin wanted to write for the paper too, but he knew that James would never let him. So Ben began writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood. Dogood was filled with advice and very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of how women were treated. Benjamin would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so no one knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit, and everyone wanted to know who was the real "Silence Dogood." After 16 letters, Benjamin confessed that he had been writing the letters. While James's friends thought Benjamin was quite precocious and funny, James discipline his brother and was very jealous of the intention paid to him. James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was left to run the paper for several issues. After he was release from jail, James was not grateful to Benjamin for keeping the paper's going. Instead he kept harassing his younger brother. Benjamin could not take it and decided to left in 1723. Benjamin Franklin runs to Philadelphia by boat even though he was born in New York. Franklin meet a lady named Deborah Read who befriended him. Franklin found work as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business for himself if young Franklin would 2006-08-08T09:18:16-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Complete-Benjamin-Frankilin-Biogrpahy-31160.aspx The Biography of Thurgood Marshall One man, Thurgood Marshall, has impacted millions of children and adults across America. Thurgood Marshall was an American jurist, civil rights leader, and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (Encarta Marshall, Thurgood). He was involved in many famous cases, such as Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, in which this report will mostly be about. This famous case dealt with racial imbalances in schools in the United States and the lack of equality children in Southern schools faced at that time. This report will also cover Thurgood Marshall and the lawyer (Roy Wilkins) who assisted him in this case. Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 2, 1908. He was educated at Lincoln University and at Howard University Law School. After graduating, Marshall first practiced law in Baltimore where he specialized in civil rights cases. He then moved to New York City, serving the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), where he was “special counsel (1938-50) and director and counsel of the NAACP legal defense and education fund (1938-61)”(Encarta Marshall, Thurgood). Shortly after these duties, Marshal was admitted to practice before U.S. Supreme Court, where he won 29 out of 32 cases. (Encarta Marshall, Thurgood). During his tenure as a lawyer before the Supreme Court, he was assigned a case known as Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. A lawyer named Roy Wilkins assisted Marshall. Wilkins was born in 1901 in St. Louis Missouri. He was educated at the University of Minnesota. From 1923 - 1931 he was a journalist in Kansas City, Missouri working on a newspaper for the black population, of which he became managing editor. In 1931, he was appointed assistant executive secretary of the NAACP, the largest civil right organization in the U.S. From 1934 - 1939 he was editor of the crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP, (Encarta Wilkins, Roy). Wilkins served as a consultant to the war department on black employment during World War II. After the war, he continued his service for the NAACP; he was executive secretary from 1955 - 1965 and executive director from 1965 until his retirement in 1977. All of these experiences helped him to assist Marshall in a positive way. In assistance to Thurgood Marshall, he played a major role 2006-08-05T15:20:10-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Biography-of-Thurgood-Marshall-31042.aspx Biographical Reference on Martin Luther King, Jr. One of the world's best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Martin Luther King, Jr., synthesized ideas drawn from many different cultural traditions. Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, King's roots were in the African-American Baptist church. He was the grandson of the Rev. A. D. Williams, pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church and a founder of Atlanta's NAACP chapter, and the son of Martin Luther King, Sr., who succeeded Williams as Ebenezer's pastor and also became a civil rights leader. Although, from an early age, King resented religious emotionalism and questioned literal interpretations of scripture, he nevertheless greatly admired black social gospel proponents such as his father who saw the church as a instrument for improving the lives of African Americans. Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social activism influenced King's decision after his junior year at Morehouse to become a minister and thereby serve society. His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he received a doctorate in systematic theology in 1955. Rejecting offers for academic positions, King decided while completing his Ph. D. requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to obey the city's rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected King as president of the newly-formed Montgomery Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 1956, King gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills and personal courage. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Montgomery bus were desegregated in December, 1956, after the United States Supreme Court declared Alabama's segregation laws unconstitutional. In 1957, seeking to build upon the success of the Montgomery boycott movement, King and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As SCLC's president, King emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. During 1958, he published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. The following year, he 2006-07-29T16:45:25-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biographical-Reference-on-Martin-Luther-King,-Jr_-30800.aspx Complete Biography of Benjamin Franklin When one takes a look at the world in which he currently lives, he sees it as being normal since it is so slow in changing. When an historian looks at the present, he sees the effects of many events and many profound people. Benjamin Franklin is one of these people. His participation in so many different fields changed the world immensely. He was a noted politician as well as respected scholar. He was an important inventor and scientist. Particularly interesting is his impact on the scientific world. Benjamin Franklin was a modest man who had had many jobs in his lifetime. This may help explain his large array of inventions and new methods of working various jobs. He did everything from making cabbage growing more efficient to making political decisions to being the first person to study and chart the Gulf Stream movement in the Atlantic Ocean. Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706. He was the fifteenth child in a family of seventeen kids. His parents, Josiah and Abiah Franklin, were hard working devout Puritan/Calvinist people. Josiah Franklin made candles for a living. Since the Franklins were so poor, little Benjamin couldn't afford to go to school for longer than two years. In those two years, however, Franklin learned to read which opened the door to further education for him. Since he was only a fair writer and had very poor mathematical skills, he worked to tutor himself at home. Benjamin Franklin was a determined young man. As a boy, he taught himself to be a very good writer. He also learned basic algebra and geometry, navigation, grammar, logic, and natural and physical science. He partially mastered French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. He was soon to be named the best-educated man in the country. When he was 12-years-old, he was apprentice to his brother in printing. Benjamin's brother founded the second newspaper in America. Many people told him that one newspaper was enough for America and that the paper would soon collapse. On the contrary, it became very popular. Occasionally, young Benjamin would write an article to be printed and slip it under the printing room's door signed as "Anonymous". The following is a direct quote from Franklin's Autobiography. It describes his writing the articles as a boy. "He (Benjamin's older brother) had 2006-07-27T08:08:43-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Complete-Biography-of-Benjamin-Franklin-30697.aspx Complete Biography of Benjamin Franklin When one takes a look at the world in which he currently lives, he sees it as being normal since it is so slow in changing. When an historian looks at the present, he sees the effects of many events and many profound people. Benjamin Franklin is one of these people. His participation in so many different fields changed the world immensely. He was a noted politician as well as respected scholar. He was an important inventor and scientist. Particularly interesting is his impact on the scientific world. Benjamin Franklin was a modest man who had had many jobs in his lifetime. This may help explain his large array of inventions and new methods of working various jobs. He did everything from making cabbage growing more efficient to making political decisions to being the first person to study and chart the Gulf Stream movement in the Atlantic Ocean. Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706. He was the fifteenth child in a family of seventeen kids. His parents, Josiah and Abiah Franklin, were hard working devout Puritan/Calvinist people. Josiah Franklin made candles for a living. Since the Franklins were so poor, little Benjamin couldn't afford to go to school for longer than two years. In those two years, however, Franklin learned to read which opened the door to further education for him. Since he was only a fair writer and had very poor mathematical skills, he worked to tutor himself at home. Benjamin Franklin was a determined young man. As a boy, he taught himself to be a very good writer. He also learned basic algebra and geometry, navigation, grammar, logic, and natural and physical science. He partially mastered French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. He was soon to be named the best-educated man in the country. When he was 12-years-old, he was apprentice to his brother in printing. Benjamin's brother founded the second newspaper in America. Many people told him that one newspaper was enough for America and that the paper would soon collapse. On the contrary, it became very popular. Occasionally, young Benjamin would write an article to be printed and slip it under the printing room's door signed as "Anonymous". The following is a direct quote from Franklin's Autobiography. It describes his writing the articles as a boy. "He (Benjamin's older brother) had 2006-07-27T08:06:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Complete-Biography-of-Benjamin-Franklin-30696.aspx General Biographical Information on Dwight D. Eisenhower In this review I will discuss with you the birth and death of Dwight D. Eisenhower. I will also include his family size, education, marriage, jobs,and accomplishments. The purpose of this review is to give you information about Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is also so that people will know who one of our presidents was and what he did fir our country. This review is on Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dwight David Eisenhower was born on the 14 of October in 1890. He was born in Dension, Texas. He is te third born son of David and Ida Eisenhower. The family returned to Abilene, Kansas in 1892. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower dies on March 28, 1969. He died at the Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, DC. Dwight was buried on April 2, 1969. He was buried in the Place of Meditation at the Eisenhower Center. in Denver. Dwight D. Eisenhower married Mamie Geneva Doud. They got married in Denver on July 1, 1916. Their first son was named Doud Dwight. He was also known as "Icky." Doud was bord in 1917 and dies of scarlet fever in 1921. John, the second son, was born in 1922 in Denver. Dwight entered the United States Military Academy. The academt was in West Point, New York. He went there June 14, 1911 and graduated Jun2 12, 1915. Dwight Eisenhower enterend Command and General Staff School, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In August 19,1925 he went to this school. He graduated fist in a clas of 245 in June 18, 1926. August 27, 1927, he entered Army War College, in Washington, DC and graduated June 30, 1928. First Dwight seved with the Infantry September 1915 to February 1918 in Ft. Sam Houston, Camp Wilson and Leon Springs, Texas and Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia. February 1918 to January 1922 he serverd in Cmp Meade, Maryland, Camp Colt, Pennyslvania, Camp Dix, New Jersey, Ft. Benning, Gergia and Ft. Meade, Maryland. He was in the military also. Dwight D. Eisenhower was president during the Cold War. The Cold war was a political rivalry between the USSR and the US. The USSR believed in Communism and the US believed in Democracy. He ended the Korean War. He also promoted a 2006-07-22T17:58:18-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/General-Biographical-Information-on-Dwight-D_-Eisenhower-30476.aspx Biographical Report on Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier in Prussia, now, Germany. He was one of seven children of Jewish Parents. His father was fairly liberal, taking part in demonstrations for a constitution for Prussia and reading such authors as Voltaire and Kant, known for their social commentary. His mother, Henrietta, was originally from Holland and never became a German at heart, not even learning to speak the language properly. Shortly before Karl Marx was born, his father converted the family to the Evangelical Established Church, Karl being baptized at the age of six. Marx attended high school in his home town (1830-1835) where several teachers and pupils were under suspicion of harboring liberal ideals. Marx himself seemed to be a devoted Christian with a “longing for self-sacrifice on behalf of humanity.” In October of 1835, he started attendance at the University of Bonn, enrolling in non-socialistic-related classes like Greek and Roman mythology and the history of art. During this time, he spent a day in jail for being “drunk and disorderly-the only imprisonment he suffered” in the course of his life. The student culture at Bonn included, as a major part, being politically rebellious and Marx was involved, presiding over the Tavern Club and joining a club for poets that included some politically active students. However, he left Bonn after a year and enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy. Marx’s experience in Berlin was crucial to his introduction to Hegel’s philosophy and to his “adherence to the Young Hegelians.” Hegel’s philosophy was crucial to the development of his own ideas and theories. Upon his first introduction to Hegel’s beliefs, Marx felt a repugnance and wrote his father that when he felt sick, it was partially “from intense vexation at having to make an idol of a view [he] detested.” The Hegelian doctrines exerted considerable pressure in the “revolutionary student culture” that Marx was immersed in, however, and Marx eventually joined a society called the Doctor Club, involved mainly in the “new literary and philosophical movement” who’s chief figure was Bruno Bauer, a lecturer in theology who thought that the Gospels were not a record of History but that they came from “human fantasies arising from man’s emotional needs” and he also hypothesized that Jesus had not existed as a person. Bauer was later dismissed 2006-07-22T10:47:47-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biographical-Report-on-Karl-Marx-30419.aspx Biographical Information on Benjamin Frankilin Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children. Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type which was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets. Apprentice Printer When Benjamin was 15 his brother started The New England Courant the first "newspaper" in Boston. Though there were two papers in the city before James's Courant, they only reprinted news from abroad. James's paper carried articles, opinion pieces written by James's friends, advertisements, and news of ship schedules. Benjamin wanted to write for the paper too, but he knew that James would never let him. After all, Benjamin was just a lowly apprentice. So Ben began writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood. Dogood was filled with advice and very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of how women were treated. Ben would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so no one knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit, and everyone wanted to know who was the real "Silence Dogood." After 16 letters, Ben confessed that he had been writing the letters all along. While James's friends thought Ben was quite precocious and funny, James scolded his brother and was very jealous of the intention paid to him. Before long the Franklins found themselves at odds with Boston's powerful Puritan preachers, the Mathers. Smallpox was a deadly disease in those times, and the Mathers supported inoculation; the Franklins' believed inoculation only made people sicker. And while most Bostonians agreed with the Franklins, they did not like the way James made fun of the clergy, during the debate. Ultimately, James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was left to run the paper for several issues. Upon release from jail, James was not grateful to Ben for keeping the 2006-07-17T13:05:06-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biographical-Information-on-Benjamin-Frankilin-30292.aspx John Adams: America's Second President Adams was born in the village of Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts, on Oct. 30, 1735. His father, also named John Adams, was a farmer, a deacon of the First Parish of Braintree, and a militia officer. His mother, Susanna Boylston Adams, came from a family of Brookline and Boston merchants and physicians. Adams attended dame and Latin school. Besides wanting to become a farmer, his school prepared him for college and a career in the ministry. With some tutoring in Latin from Joseph Marsh, John passed his entrance examinations for Harvard College in 1751 and began four years of study that excited his imagination. He was a metaphysician, a scientist, debater, and orator. Adams soon graduated from Harvard College in 1755, ranking 14th in a class of 24 Adams was still undecided in his career, so he accepted a teaching position in Worcester while he thought of the future. After teaching for a while Adams decided that the career of a schoolmaster was unsatisfying. His pupils barely knew their ABC's, and his students noted that he was preoccupied with other matters. His position, however, enabled him to meet the intellectuals of Worcester, including James Putnam, its most distinguished lawyer. Adams finally decided to make a career of the law and apprenticed himself to Putnam. After teaching school for a short time, Adams studied law in the office of James Putnam in Worcester, Massachusetts. Adams continued to teach school during the day and study law at night. When it came time for Adams to present himself to the bar at Braintree, Putnam failed to accompany Adams. Fortunately, Jeremiah Gridley, another lawyer, recommended Adams. Adams was admitted to the bar in 1758. Adams then soon began to practice law in Braintree in 1758. Later that year, John Adams met Hannah Quincy who was a year younger than John. They met on a Sunday evening. Hannah left Adams and married another man in 1760. Ten years later, Adams moved to Boston, where he became a leading attorney of the Massachusetts colony. In 1764, Adams married Abigail Smith on October 25. At the time John was 28. Abigail became John's best friend and quite possibly his wisest political advisor. Abigail was the first First Lady to live in the White House and is regarded as one of the early advocates of the women's liberation movement. Abigail and John 2006-07-09T14:59:39-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/John-Adams-America-s-Second-President-30143.aspx Life of John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He graduated from Harvard in 1940. Once he graduated from Harvard, he followed in his brother‘s footsteps and joined the Navy. He was the captain of the famous PT 109 during World War II. The PT 109 was famous because a Japanese destroyer in hostile territory rammed it. Then John Kennedy led the remaining members of the crew to islands whose only inhabitants were spotters. JFK came home from the war he became a Democratic Congressman from the Boston area. He became a member of the Senate in 1953. On September 12, 1953 he married Jacqueline Bouvier. John F. Kennedy had chronic back pains all his life. While recuperating from a back surgery in 1955, he wrote the book Profiles in Courage, and won a Pulitzer Prize in history. In 1956 JFK almost won the Democratic Vice President Nominee. In 1960 he was the Democratic Presidential Candidate. Kennedy won the popular vote by a tiny margin, but the Republican, Richard Nixion, did not call for a recount. JFK was the first Roman Catholic president ever elected. John F. Kennedy delivered the famous line: “I call upon all Americans to ask not what your county can do for you, ask what you can do for your country” in his inaugural speech. Not long after he had taken office JFK permitted a band of Cuban exiles to invade their homeland and overthrow Castro. The plan didn’t work. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union started placing missile silos on Cuba. Kennedy enforced a naval blockade around Cuba in attempt to keep the Soviets from bringing in more missiles. The world held their breath as the leaders of the two biggest superpowers on Earth stood eye to eye. The Soviets eventually backed down and agreed to remove weapons from Cuba. That was known as the Cuban missile crisis. While in the United States John Kennedy was redeeming his promise to get America moving again. He worked to promote equal rights in America. He continued the American ideal of the revolution of civil rights. JFK also provided aide for developing nations. In August of 1963, JFK was campaigning in Dallas, Texas. While riding in his limousine he was shot twice by Lee Harvey Oswald. He died at a local hospital. 2006-07-03T23:27:21-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Life-of-John-Fitzgerald-Kennedy-29960.aspx Overview of Thomas Hutchinson's Political Career Thomas Hutchinson, chief justice and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, despite his goal to prevent passage of the dreaded Stamp Act, was violently hated by the people of Boston. In the middle of dinner on August 26, 1765, the most violent mob in the history of America attacked the mansion of Governor Hutchinson. If he and his family had not fled the table and escaped their home, they might not have lived through the ordeal. But, why would an angry Boston mob ransack the home of man who wanted to better the lives of the people? The day after the attack, Thomas Hutchinson appeared in court to defend against the accusation of him supporting the Stamp Act. Wearing the only clothing he had left (some even borrowed), he called God, his Maker, to witness: I never, in New England or Old, in Great Britain or America, neither directly nor indirectly, was aiding, assisting, or supporting, or in the least promoting or encouraging what is commonly called the STAMP ACT, but on the contrary, did all in my power, and strove as much as in me lay, to prevent it. Hutchinson was born in 1711 and grew up in a family of merchants. They produced no physicians, lawyers, teachers, or ministers in the course of a century and a half. They were all devoted to developing property and networking trade, based on kinship lines at every point. Thomas, in the fifth generation, was the end of this developing merchant clan. He was the one that accumulated all of the energy of the family and was the perfect merchant. Thomas' father, Colonel Thomas Hutchinson, married a merchant's daughter, which perfectly fit the family's ideology. This marriage increased contacts three fold between the two families. This set the perfect pattern for young Thomas' life. Thomas entered Harvard at the age of twelve. He inherited much from his father, which became a fortune by the time of the revolution. He had fifteen times his original capitol in cash, eight houses, including the Boston mansion, two wharves, a variety of lots and shop properties in Boston, and a universally admired house in suburban Milton with a splendid setting and a hundred acres of choice land. Basically, Hutchinson was a very rich man. He entered the world 2006-07-03T13:56:07-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Overview-of-Thomas-Hutchinson-s-Political-Career-29933.aspx General Biography of General Colin Powell General Colin Powell was born on April 15, 1937 in 2006-07-03T13:50:39-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/General-Biography-of-General-Colin-Powell-29931.aspx The Life and Times of Fredrick Douglas Frederick Baily was born a slave in February 1818 on Holmes Hill Farm, near the town of Easton on Maryland's Eastern Shore. The farm was part of an estate owned by Aaron Anthony, who also managed the plantations of Edward Lloyd V, one of the wealthiest men in Maryland. The main Lloyd Plantation was near the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay, 12 miles from Holmes Hill Farm, in a home Anthony had built near the Lloyd mansion, was where Frederick's first master lived. Frederick's mother, Harriet Baily, worked the cornfields surrounding Holmes Hill. He knew little of his father except that the man was white. As a child, he had heard rumors that the master, Aaron Anthony, had sired him. Because Harriet Baily was required to work long hours in the fields, Frederick was sent to live with his grandmother, Betsey Baily. Betsy Baily lived in a cabin a short distance from Holmes Hill Farm. Her job was to look after Harriet's children until they were old enough to work. At age 6, Frederick's grandmother told him that they were taking a long journey. They set out westward, with Frederick clinging to his grandmother's skirt with fear and uncertainty. They had approached a large elegant home, the Lloyd Plantation, where several children were playing on the grounds. Betsy Baily pointed out his siblings Perry, and his sisters Sara and Eliza. His grandmother told him to join his siblings and he did so reluctantly. After a while one of the children yelled out to Frederick that his grandmother was gone. Frederick fell to the ground and wept, he was about to learn the harsh realities of the slave system. Because Frederick had a natural charm that, many people found engaging, he was chosen to be the companion of Daniel Lloyd, the youngest son of the plantation's owner. Frederick's chief friend and protector was Lucretia Auld, Aaron Anthony's daughter, who recently married a ship's captain named Thomas Auld. One day in 1826 Lucretia told Frederick that he was being sent to live with her brother-in-law, Hugh Auld, who managed a shipbuilding firm in Baltimore, Maryland. She told him that if he scrubbed himself clean, she would give him a pair of pants to wear to Baltimore. Frederick was elated at this chance to escape the life of a field hand. He cleaned himself up 2006-06-26T16:35:56-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Life-and-Times-of-Fredrick-Douglas-29840.aspx Historic Analysis of John F. Kennedy On Friday November 22, 1963, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode down Elm Street in downtown Dallas Texas. To this day, the questions as to whom did it, why did they do it, and how did they do it? are still unanswered. Then there is the question as to if it was a cover up. I personally believe that there was definitely a cover up because I don't think that Lee Harvey Oswald could have shot that many bullets in that short of a time period with the gun that was found on the sixth floor of the School Book Depository. In this essay, I will tell you my opinion of what happened on that day and what is wrong with certain parts of the Warren Commission Report. The Warren Commission consisting of "various outstanding citizens" was created to determine, evaluate and tell all of the facts relating to the assassination. The Commission was to examine the evidence found and developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and to further any investigation, as it deems necessary. In just a few days, the Warren Commission had decided that it was definitely Lee Harvey Oswald that had shot the President. It wasn't until a few years later that Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry said to a newsman, "We don't have any proof that Oswald fired the rifle, and never did. Nobody's yet been able to put him in that building with a gun in his hand." At no time did the Warren Commission seem to consider that Oswald was innocent until proven guilty, the right to legal representation, or the right to cross-examine witnesses. I believe that there is no way that Oswald was the lone assassin because nobody saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Schoolbook Depository after 11:55 on November 22. Roy Truly and a police officer by the name of M.L. Baker saw Oswald on the second floor. I just don't see how it is possible for any person to first hide a gun on the opposite corner of the sixth floor, run down four floors of stairs passing a woman by the name of Victoria Adams, and end up on the second floor "calm and collected" in a 90 second time period. The Warren Commission claimed that Oswald fired three 2006-06-20T16:56:38-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Historic-Analysis-of-John-F_-Kennedy-29705.aspx Story of Erasmus of Rotterdam Erasmus’ attitude toward learning embodies important aspects of cultural change in the 16th century. “He was a man of deep religious feelings and conviction, an independent thinker, greatest philologist of his time and one of the greatest of all times, a staunch defender of human reason, opposed Luther’s teachings, religious reformer, and a fearless critic” (Runes p.184). Erasmus did and thought many things in his lifetime. His philosophy was mainly based on God and the Church. He was a true man of letters, he wrote and translated tirelessly; arguing, teaching, and campaigning for the purification of the Church. People believed he was a variety of things, but he conceived of himself as a preacher of righteousness and was convinced that what was needed to regenerate Europe was sound learning. He was a man who hated ignorance as much as Luther and Calvin hated sin. Desiderius Erasmus was born in October of 1469 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. His father, Gerard, was a priest and his mother was a daughter of a physician. His childhood was apparently very unhappy, and so was his youth. He mentioned it with bitterness. He had a mother named Margaret and a brother named Peter. It was said that he had hated his brother. He did not claim his father, and denied using his name. Since he was born out of wedlock, his birth was not blessed. His parent’s story is a unique one. His father’s parents pressured him into priesthood, but he was living with a view to marriage with Erasmus’ mother, Margaret. His family harassed him so much that he left Margaret pregnant, and fled to Rome. His family sent him word that she had died and he returned home only to find that he had been deceived, for Margaret was still alive. “His parents love affair was the base of Charles Read’s novel The Cloister and the Hearth” (Erasmus p.8). Many major historical events happened in his time, such as the Luther Reformation. Erasmus was involved a lot in the reformation of the Roman-Catholic Church. Most of the books written about Erasmus have a lot to say about the disagreements between Luther and Erasmus. Also, the French-Burgundism wars began shortly before Erasmus was born and lasted all the years that he lived in Holland. Where he lived was a dull and oppressive place because of the collapse of civil 2006-06-16T14:49:44-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Story-of-Erasmus-of-Rotterdam-29606.aspx For those ignorant of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. When he was two, the Lincoln’s moved a few miles to another farm on the old Cumberland Trail. A year later, his mother gave birth to another boy, Thomas, but he died a few days later. When Lincoln was seven his family moved to Indiana. In 1818, Lincoln’s mother died from a deadly disease called the “milk-sick.” Then ten years later his sister died and left him with only his father and stepmother. Lincoln traveled to New Salem in April 1831 and settled there the following July. In the fall of 1836 he and Mrs. Bennett Abell had a deal that if she brought her single sister to New Salem he had to promise to marry her. When she arrived he was not to pleased with her because her skin was full of fat. Around seven months later he asked Mrs. Orville Browning to marry him but she said no. Lincoln met his wife to be, Mary Todd, at the grand cotillion in honor of the completion of the new capital building in 1839. They got engaged and a while later he broke off the engagement because she was seeing other men. Around a year later in Springfield on November 4, 1842 Abraham and Mary got married. In 1844, Abraham and his wife were able to purchase their own house in Springfield. It was a one-and-a-half story frame cottage. In May 1843, the Lincoln’s had a son and named him Robert, after the addition to the family they made the house a full two story house. Lincoln had three more sons Edward Baker, William Wallace, and Thomas. Edward died at the age of three, the cause of death was either consumption or pulmonary tuberculosis. In 1832 Lincoln announced himself a candidate for the state legislature but he was defeated. Then a year later he was appointed postmaster of New Salem and in the fall he became deputy county surveyor. He really wanted a seat in the Illinois legislature so he ran again and was elected with bipartisan support. Lincoln was very interested in being a lawyer, he would walk fifteen miles just to watch the court cases in Boonville, Indiana. Lincoln got a license to practice law after several hard years of teaching himself. By the early 1850s, the Lincoln-Herndon law office had become a 2006-06-16T14:45:57-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/For-those-ignorant-of-Abraham-Lincoln-29604.aspx The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was a man who was best known for standing against the difficult problems of his day. Issues such as slavery, Negro social and political rights, and saving the Union in a nation based on the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln had many strengths as well as flaws. Lincoln was a self-educated man, who had never had a full year of schooling in his life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809. He was born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. In 1816, the Lincoln’s moved from Kentucky to across the Ohio River to Indiana. His father left Kentucky. Early on in life Lincoln had religious reasons for disliking slavery. His family was Separate Baptists who had to stick to a strict code of morality that condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, dancing, and slavery. October 5, a little over a year after living in Indiana, Lincoln’s mother died of a devastating outbreak of what was called “milk sickness”, along with several other relatives. In March 1832, Lincoln announced that he would run as a candidate for the state legislature. Lincoln was twenty-three and had decided to live in New Salem, where he was a clerk in a small country store. He had little formal education, so it as hard for him to get the job. He campaigned well, but in the end, Lincoln ran eighth out of thirteen candidates. In 1834 he entered his second race for the state legislature. Lincoln received 1376 votes, placing him the second highest candidate and was elected. In 1840, Lincoln decided not to run for re-election. On November 6, 1860 Lincoln was elected President. He won over two democratic candidates, Stephen Douglas, and John Breckinridge. He received 180 out of 303 possible electoral votes, and 40 percent of the popular vote. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln delivers his First Inaugural Address. Lincoln said in a portion of his Inaugural Speech: “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” On March 6, 1861, Lincoln became the president of a very divided America. Abraham Lincoln had quite a bit to deal with. Within the first four months of him becoming President 2006-06-15T22:54:06-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Legacy-of-Abraham-Lincoln-29580.aspx The Whole Story of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon is known as the 37th president that resigned from office. I am going to tell you the whole story. Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, the second of five sons of Francis Nixon and Hannah Nixon. The Nixons were Scots-Irish and the Milhouses were of Irish and English descent, known as Quakers. Richard Nixon attended public schools in Whittier, California, and went to Whittier College, a Quaker institution, where he majored in history. He won a scholarship to Duke University Law School and received his law degree in 1937. Nixon joined an established law firm in Whittier and there met his future wife, Thelma Ryan. They married on June 21, 1940, and had two daughters, Patricia in 1946 and Julie in 1948. In 1946 Nixon was persuaded by California Republicans to be their candidate to challenge the popular Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis for his seat in the United States House of Representatives. Nixon’s campaign was an example of the vigorous and aggressive style characteristic of his political career. He accused Voorhis of being soft on Communism. The two men confronted each other in a series of debates, and Voorhis was forced into a defensive position. Nixon won the election by a vote of 65,586 to 49,994. As a new member of the Congress of the United States, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs while serving on a special committee that helped establish the European Recovery Program. Nixon also served on the House of Education and Labor Committee, where he helped draft the Taft-Hartley Act on labor-management relations. In 1948, he was reelected to Congress after winning both the Republican and Democratic nominations. In 1950 the Republicans chose Nixon as their candidate for the U.S. Senate from California. His opponent was the liberal Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas. In another bitterly fought campaign, Nixon linked her voting record with American-Labor-Party congressman Vito Marcantonio, who was widely regarded as pro-Communist. Nixon won the election by 680,000 votes. In 1952 Nixon was selected to be the running mate of General Dwight Eisenhower, who had won the Republican presidential nomination. Shortly after Nixon’s vice-presidential nomination it was reported that a fund had been collected to meet his expenses as a senator. No evidence was produced that Nixon had misused the fund or given special favors to contributors, but many of Eisenhower’s advisers wanted Nixon 2006-06-13T19:32:21-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Whole-Story-of-Richard-Nixon-29479.aspx Following the Life of Beryl Markham Beryl Markham lead a remarkable life; from the warm and wild farm in Njoro to the wide open skies over Nairobi, Beru, as most natives said her name of Laweit as Arab Maina called her established grand relationships with not only many of the people she came in contact with, but she also have some special bonds with many of the animals she encountered in her life. Although many of the students complained that some of her characters were one dimensional, her chapters lacked focus or even that she didn’t dig deep enough into her personal life. I personally the Beryl Markham was an eccentric in her own rite and wrote about people, places and things that influenced her life the most. Besides that you have to give her praises, for such a unique style of writing. To begin to understand that Markham’s childhood was not an ordinary one. Spent most of her youth growing up on a farm in Africa by her father. He father whom she loved dearly, was a very talented horse breeder who instilled the love of horses in Markham. When most girls Beryl’s age were playing with dolls and drinking tea, Beryl was learning to speak African languages and hunting with the Murani tribe who were in a sense much like Beryl’s family. Beryl’s father was away doing business much during the day Beryl the Murani’s were much her keeper during the day. I think that her father was the first influential person that we come across in West with the Night Beryl’s mother left who left with Beryl’s brother Richard to return to England was really not a part of her life. Beryl looked up to her father, she admired his hard work and honesty and incorporated his words or wisdom in truth in her own life. She recalls the stories her father would tells her when she was younger. She says “He would tell me old legends about Mount Kenya or about the Mengai Crater…I would ride alongside and ask endless questions (Markham 58).” To think that even after years had passed and she wrote this book much later in her life she still could vividly remember some of the conversations she had with her family. It was her father who told Beryl not to trust the Elkington Lion, who did indeed turned out not to be as tame as 2006-06-13T18:18:39-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Following-the-Life-of-Beryl-Markham-29433.aspx Narrative Biography of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass definitely plays out to become quite a hero for all african-americans in his life story. His narrative describes a man’s adaptation and escape from the life of slavery. Born a slave, and destined to die a slave, Douglass would not stand for it. He slowly brought himself to read and write, and planned his escape. He became what most people think to be one of the greatest writers of his time, and most courageous in his storytelling. He progressed from naïve little boy to abolishionist leader in the course of The Narrative of the Life of an an American Slave. Douglass shows signs of growth during the battle with Mr.Covey. Douglass had fainted from exhaustion, and Mr. Covey, the "slave-driver," came to investigate. He immediately went to work on Frederick, beating him until he rose. He decided to take up this injustice with the master himself. Mr. Covey became so furious that he preceded to attack Frederick upon his return. This was Frederick’s first stand: "..but at this moment…I resolved to fight;and, suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat; and as I did so, I rose."(81) Mr. Covey had no idea a slave could pose such a resitance to him. He was taken so aback by the incident, that no further beating would be imposed on Douglass during his stay. Frederick has just stood up for the inequity of slavery. Then came Frederick’s run for freedom. He decided that if only half of the U.S. were slave states, then he should make his way north to the free ones, not a tough decision. Or was it? Escaping slavery meant that angry slaveholders would want you hunted down, or maybe dead. But to Frederick, sometimes dead could be better than a slave. "I remained firm, and according to my resolution, on the third day of September, 1838, I left my chains, and succeeded in reaching New York without the slightest interruption of any kind."(111) All can agree that Douglass has proven maturity not only in his departure of the south, but in the gallant way he captured the moment on paper. He soon became and advocate of the abolitionist movement and a hero for all. Lastly, in Frederick’s hunt for work, he became the world famous author he is today. He had the courage to put his life on paper and 2006-06-12T21:24:02-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Narrative-Biography-of-Frederick-Douglass-29390.aspx Biography of Malcom X also known as Malcom Little On May 19, 1925 a man was born in Omaha, Nebraska. This man was named Malcolm Little. He was born to Earl Little, a Baptist preacher, and his wife Louis. Earl was major advocate and speaker for Black Rights and had to move around a lot when Malcolm was a child because of death threats. They eventually had to move to Milwaukee and then later to Lansing, Michigan. In 1929 the Little’s house was burnt to the ground, and in 1931 Malcolm's father Earl was found dead on some trolley tracks. Both were ruled accidents but a white supremacist group named Black Legion was alleged to be behind both attacks. Several years later his mother Louis would suffer a nervous breakdown and was committed to a mental institution. Malcolm would then spend the rest of his childhood in and out of foster homes in Michigan. Despite a troubled childhood Malcolm would be a very focused and dedicated student and throughout junior high would be at the top of his class. He even had dreams of one day becoming a lawyer. This all changed one day when one of his favorite teachers in junior high would actually tell Malcolm that was"no realistic goal for a nigger." Malcolm would later drop out of school at the age of fifteen and moved to Boston to live with his half-sister. While in Boston, Malcolm had many odd jobs and became familiar with the underworld. He later moved to Harlem and made a name for himself as a drug dealer and regular hoodlum performing a myriad of petty and major crimes. His nickname on the streets became Detroit Red. He was in charge of gambling, prostitution, and even narcotic rings while in New York. In 1949 after moving back to Boston Malcolm was arrested and convicted of burglary and was sentenced to seven years in prison. While in prison Malcolm used his time to further educate himself. He learned from his brother Reginald of a Muslim organization called the Nation of Islam. Malcolm decided to read and study the Nation of Islam and its leader Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm Little entered the prison in 1946 and in 1952 he left the prison as Malcolm X. He then moved to Detroit to become 2006-06-12T02:50:29-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-Malcom-X-also-known-as-Malcom-Little-29285.aspx The Life of Mohandas K. Gandhi Mohandas K. Gandhi was born October 6, 1869 in Western India. He was arranged to marry Kasturbai Makanji when they were both 13 years old, which he did. His family later sent him 2006-06-12T02:01:51-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-Life-of-Mohandas-K_-Gandhi-29264.aspx The American Leader Considered Dictator, John Adams John Adams, who became the second president of the United States, has been accused by some historians of being the closest thing America ever had to a dictator or monarch (Onuf, 1993). Such strong accusations should be examined in the context of the era in which Mr. Adams lived and served. A closer examination of the historical events occurring during his vice presidency and his term as president, strongly suggests that Adams was not, in fact, a dictator. Indeed, except for his lack of charisma and political charm, Adams had a very successful political career before joining the new national government. He was, moreover, highly sought after as a public servant during the early formation of the new federal power (Ferling, 1992). Adams was a well educated, seasoned patriot, and experienced diplomat. He was the runner-up in the election in which George Washington was selected the first United States President. According to the electoral-college system of that time, the second candidate with the most electoral votes became the Vice President (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975). As president, Washington appointed, among others, two influential political leaders to his original cabinet; Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson, a veteran politician became the Secretary of State and Hamiliton, a young, outspoken New Yorker lawyer, became the Secretary of the Treasury (Ferling, 1992). Jefferson, like Adams, had also signed the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, however, was the only cabinet member relatively unknown to Adams (Ferling, 1992). It was Hamilton, nonetheless, who excelled during this new administration by initiating numerous, innovative, and often controversial programs, many of which were quite successful. Adams and Hamilton were both Federalists. Unlike Hamiliton, Adams was more moderate (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975). During this first administration, Adams and Hamilton quarreled (Washington Retires, 1995), and Adams contemptuously began referring to Hamilton as “his puppyhood” (DeCarolis, 1995). This created a rift in the administration, for Washington generally favored Hamiliton (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975), and disregarded Adams (Ferling, 1992). Hamilton also went to great lengths to drive Jefferson out of the cabinet (Allison, 1966). Jefferson did finally, indeed, resign from the cabinet. The Federalists “party,” of which Hamiliton was the leader (DeCarolis, 1995) was greatly divided and even violent, at times, under his leadership (Allison, 1966). This is significant in assessing Hamilton’s and others’ arguments of Adams being a dictator after his presidential victory in 1796 A.D. There 2006-06-11T19:17:07-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/The-American-Leader-Considered-Dictator,-John-Adams-29210.aspx Frederick Douglas's Life and Accomplishments Frederick Douglass was an emancipated slave who passed from one master to another until he finally found the satisfaction of being his own. He went through almost as many names as masters. His mother's family name, traceable at least as far back as 1701 was Bailey, the name he bore until his flight to freedom in 1838. His father may have been a white man named Anthony, but Douglass never firmly validated or rejected this possibility. During transit to New York, where he became a free his name became Stanley, and upon arrival he changed it again to Johnson. In New Bedford, where there were too many Johnson's, he found it necessary to change it once more and his final choice was Douglass. Throughout this period, he clung to his name Frederick to, “preserve a sense of [his] identity” (Norton, 1988). This succession of names is illustrative of the transformation undergone by one returning from the world of the dead, which in a sense is what the move from oppression to liberty is. Frederick Douglass not only underwent a transformation but, being intelligent and endowed with the gift of Voice, he brought back with him a sharp perspective on the blights of racism and slavery. Dropped into America during the heat of the reformation period, as he was, his appearance on the scene of debate, and his own self-emancipation, was a valuable blessing for the abolitionists. In their struggles so far, there had been many skilled arguers but few who could so convincingly portray the evils of slavery, an act that seemed to demand little firsthand experience, but which also required a clear understanding of it. Douglass had both, and proved himself an incredibly powerful weapon for reform. The life of a slave was full of hard times along with sadness. Slaves were bought and sold at random. There slaveholders consistently whipped them were they had calluses all over there backs. When they transported the slaves they were ranked together with the horses, sheep and swine. The Slaves were breed for size and strength. While the identity of his father is uncertain, it is generally accepted that the man was white, giving Douglass a mixed ancestry. Mirroring this, he was also blessed with an eye that could bring into focus different perspectives, just as many multi-racial children today are able to speak multiple languages, with ease. 2006-06-11T02:53:48-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Frederick-Douglas-s-Life-and-Accomplishments-29190.aspx John Adams and the Revolutionary War Learned and thoughtful, John Adams was more remarkable as a political philosopher than as a politician. "People and nations are forged in the fires of adversity," he said, doubtless thinking of his own as well as the American experience. Adams was born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735. A Harvard-educated lawyer, he early became identified with the patriot cause; a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, he led in the movement for independence. During the Revolutionary War he served in France and Holland in diplomatic roles, and helped negotiate the treaty of peace. From 1785 to 1788 he was minister to the Court of St. James's, returning to be elected Vice President under George Washington. Adams' two terms as Vice President were frustrating experiences for a man of his vigor, intellect, and vanity. He complained to his wife Abigail, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." When Adams became President, the war between the French and British was causing great difficulties for the United States on the high seas and intense partisanship among contending factions within the Nation. His administration focused on France, where the Directory, the ruling group, had refused to receive the American envoy and had suspended commercial relations. Adams sent three commissioners to France, but in the spring of 1798 word arrived that the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand and the Directory had refused to negotiate with them unless they would first pay a substantial bribe. Adams reported the insult to Congress, and the Senate printed the correspondence, in which the Frenchmen were referred to only as "X, Y, and Z." The Nation broke out into what Jefferson called "the X. Y. Z. fever," increased in intensity by Adams's exhortations. The populace cheered itself hoarse wherever the President appeared. Never had the Federalists been so popular. Congress appropriated money to complete three new frigates and to build additional ships, and authorized the raising of a provisional army. It also passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, intended to frighten foreign agents out of the country and to stifle the attacks of Republican editors. President Adams did not call for a declaration of war, but hostilities began at sea. At first, American shipping was almost defenseless against French privateers, but by 1800 armed merchantmen and 2006-06-07T18:37:08-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/John-Adams-and-the-Revolutionary-War-29117.aspx Conspiracy? "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country." –John Fitzgerald Kennedy. As President, John Fitzgerald Kennedy set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get America moving again he had no idea that he would soon be stopped. He was one on the nation’s most effective presidents since Franklin Delano Roosevelt; however he would never get to finish his term in office. On November 22, 1963 at approximately 12:00 pm President Kennedy arrived in Dallas, Texas on board Air Force One. Less than two hours later, at 1:00 pm, JFK was declared dead at Parkland Hospital in Dallas Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested at approximately 1:45 pm at a theater in Dallas. America had many questions such as why Oswald had done it and if he had, had he been a lone assassin or was it a conspiracy to remove President Kennedy from office. Theories began surface very quickly especially after what occurred on November 24, 1963. While Oswald was being transferred to the Dallas County Jail a man by the name of Jack Ruby shot and killed him. Forty three years later many Americans are still wondering what exactly occurred on that November afternoon. In the days following the tragedy the newly sworn in president, Lyndon Johnson quickly put together what is now know as the “Warren Commission,” and hoped that every theory that was created after the death of JFK would quickly be eliminated. The theory that the country has been led to believe is the “Magic/Single Bullet Theory,” which proposes that the bodies of JFK and John Connally were injured by the same bullet, that had been fired from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald. “The Single Bullet Theory,” is important because if true, it removed the need for another shooter from the back to account for the fact that Kennedy and Connally responded to the shots in less than the minimum re-firing time of 2.3 seconds. It was officially concluded by the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald was a crazy, lone gunman, who shot the President three times, had no ties to the CIA or the government. Through the years, however, hundreds of conspiracy theories have developed, and with good reason. Many had motives to kill the JFK, including the CIA, the mafia, extremists, and even JFK’s 2006-04-05T03:40:53-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/JFK-Assasination-28663.aspx Description of Early Life Dr. Condoleezza Rice was born November 14, 1954, in Birmingham, Alabama, and is an only child. Condoleezza means in Italian “with sweetness”. Dr Rice is also known by her nickname “Condi”. Dr Rice’s parent’s names are Angelena Rice and Reverend John Wesley Rice. Condaleezza’s father was a minister at Westminster Presbyterian Church, and her mom was a music teacher. Before Dr. Rice was school age her mother, Angelena, gave Condi piano lessons and a full schedule of learning in different subjects. She learned how to read fluently at age five. Condi took less interest with her friends, instead she learned French, and piano with her mother. Condi’s father John taught her the game of football, which she still takes an interest in today. As an African American child in Birmingham she had been discrimintaed against because of her skin color. When Condi was little her mom took her to buy a dress in a store. Condi picked out the dress, and she walked with her mom to the dressing room. A white sales lady came and said to Condi and her mom your changing room is over there. She pointed to the storage room. Angelena ,Condi’s mom ,demanded that she would not have her daughter change there nor would she buy the dress from the store. The sales person let Condi try it on in the changing room. The sales person was gaurding the door so no one would see Condi and her mom. Another racial incident that happened to Condi took place in her hometown. In 1963,Condi was standing in her dad’s church when she felt the floor shake. A Ku Klux Klan bomb went off at a nearby Baptist Church killing four young black girls. One of them was Condi’s classmate Denise McNair. Condi graduated from St. Mary Academy High School with a 4.0. She started college at the University of Denver at age 15. At 19, Condi earned her B.A. in political science from the University of Denver. In 1975, Condi recieved her Master's Degree from the University of Notre Dame. In 1981, she was 26, and she received her Ph.D. from the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Challenges Condaleezza Rice has had many challenges in her life. The most important challenge that she overcame was the color of her skin. Condi grew up in the 1950’s South 2006-03-22T02:33:17-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-on-Condoleeza-Rice-28602.aspx Description of Early Life Dr. Condoleezza Rice was born November 14, 1954, in Birmingham, Alabama, and is an only child. Condoleezza means in Italian “with sweetness”. Dr Rice is also known by her nickname “Condi”. Dr Rice’s parent’s names are Angelena Rice and Reverend John Wesley Rice. Condaleezza’s father was a minister at Westminster Presbyterian Church, and her mom was a music teacher. Before Dr. Rice was school age her mother, Angelena, gave Condi piano lessons and a full schedule of learning in different subjects. She learned how to read fluently at age five. Condi took less interest with her friends, instead she learned French, and piano with her mother. Condi’s father John taught her the game of football, which she still takes an interest in today. As an African American child in Birmingham she had been discrimintaed against because of her skin color. When Condi was little her mom took her to buy a dress in a store. Condi picked out the dress, and she walked with her mom to the dressing room. A white sales lady came and said to Condi and her mom your changing room is over there. She pointed to the storage room. Angelena ,Condi’s mom ,demanded that she would not have her daughter change there nor would she buy the dress from the store. The sales person let Condi try it on in the changing room. The sales person was gaurding the door so no one would see Condi and her mom. Another racial incident that happened to Condi took place in her hometown. In 1963,Condi was standing in her dad’s church when she felt the floor shake. A Ku Klux Klan bomb went off at a nearby Baptist Church killing four young black girls. One of them was Condi’s classmate Denise McNair. Condi graduated from St. Mary Academy High School with a 4.0. She started college at the University of Denver at age 15. At 19, Condi earned her B.A. in political science from the University of Denver. In 1975, Condi recieved her Master's Degree from the University of Notre Dame. In 1981, she was 26, and she received her Ph.D. from the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Challenges Condaleezza Rice has had many challenges in her life. The most important challenge that she overcame was the color of her skin. Condi grew up in the 1950’s South 2006-03-22T02:33:01-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-on-Condoleezza-Rice-28601.aspx Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 17, 1706. He was one of the seventeen children of Josiah Franklin, a soap maker. Josiah’s second wife, Abiah Folger mothered young Benjamin. As a child, Benjamin loved to read and at twelve years of age was apprenticed to his older brother, James, who was a printmaker. The family decided this would be best for young Benjamin after his father could only afford one year of studies in clergy for his son. James soon after started The New England Courant, the first newspaper in Boston to include opinionated articles written by James’s friends. At only fifteen, Benjamin wanted to be included in these chronicles. He created a fictional character known as “Silence Dogood” and wrote daily letters in regard to advice and criticisms toward the town. His creation was greatly admired by readers and soon young Benjamin confessed. His brother loathed and ignored him while his friends supported him; manifesting a great jealousy between the two brothers. Soon after, smallpox hit Boston and caused a great deal of religious debate with vaccination. Though the majority of the people believed that these vaccinations only worsened the conditions. However, they did not believe that James’s mockery of the clergy was just. He was thrown in prison for his prints and the company was left to Benjamin. However, upon his release, he was not grateful to his brother and took over. Young Franklin knew that this was not the lifestyle he wanted and reacted to this by running away. He arrived in Philadelphia and used the last of his money to buy some rolls. He was wet and messy when his future wife, Deborah Read, met him on October, 6, 1723. She never imagined marrying him until 7 years later. Eventually, Franklin found work once again as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business if he went to London for print stamps and fonts. However, upon his arrival, the governor changed his mind, leaving young Franklin in England, once again printmaking. Upon his returning to Philadlephia, he opened up his own business on a loan and worked nonstop. Soon enough, the whole town became aware of his diligent lifestyle. Franklin was never caught 2006-02-16T03:45:24-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Benjamin-Franklin-Biography-28504.aspx Benjamin Franklin Bio Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 17, 1706. He was one of the seventeen children of Josiah Franklin, a soap maker. Josiah’s second wife, Abiah Folger mothered young Benjamin. As a child, Benjamin loved to read and at twelve years of age was apprenticed to his older brother, James, who was a printmaker. The family decided this would be best for young Benjamin after his father could only afford one year of studies in clergy for his son. James soon after started The New England Courant, the first newspaper in Boston to include opinionated articles written by James’s friends. At only fifteen, Benjamin wanted to be included in these chronicles. He created a fictional character known as “Silence Dogood” and wrote daily letters in regard to advice and criticisms toward the town. His creation was greatly admired by readers and soon young Benjamin confessed. His brother loathed and ignored him while his friends supported him; manifesting a great jealousy between the two brothers. Soon after, smallpox hit Boston and caused a great deal of religious debate with vaccination. Though the majority of the people believed that these vaccinations only worsened the conditions. However, they did not believe that James’s mockery of the clergy was just. He was thrown in prison for his prints and the company was left to Benjamin. However, upon his release, he was not grateful to his brother and took over. Young Franklin knew that this was not the lifestyle he wanted and reacted to this by running away. He arrived in Philadelphia and used the last of his money to buy some rolls. He was wet and messy when his future wife, Deborah Read, met him on October, 6, 1723. She never imagined marrying him until 7 years later. Eventually, Franklin found work once again as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business if he went to London for print stamps and fonts. However, upon his arrival, the governor changed his mind, leaving young Franklin in England, once again printmaking. Upon his returning to Philadlephia, he opened up his own business on a loan and worked nonstop. Soon enough, the whole town became aware of his diligent lifestyle. Franklin was never 2005-12-22T22:16:22-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Benjamin-Franklin-28212.aspx Biography of George Bush Sr George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in Milton, Massachusetts. His father Prescott Sheldon Bush was a bank manager who was elected senator in 1952. His mother is Dorothy Walker Bush. George Bush grew up in a family atmosphere with his three brothers and his sister at Greenwich, Connecticut, a suburb of New York, before studying in one of the best private boarding schools of the country. When George Bush received his degree from the Phillips Academy of Andover, Massachusetts, he was already admitted at Yale, but the United States entered into the Second World War. George Bush joined the Navy and at the age of eighteen and became the youngest naval pilot (from 1942 to 1945). Thus according all evidence, he was the last President of the United States to have fought during the Second World War. In September 2, 1944, during his 58th mission, his aircraft was shot down by the enemy over Chichi Jima island. Fours hours later, he was rescued in the middle of the Pacific Ocean by the crew of the U.S.S. Finback, an American submarine, to whom he owes his life. He was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross and sent back home. A few months before the end of World War Two he married Barbara Pierce of Rye (New York) on January 6, 1945. He entered Yale and outshone in both at academics and Baseball. When he left in 1948, George Bush moved from New England to Midland, Texas, after having refused a post in his father's company. At Texas, he worked for Dresser Industries. The old family silver he had served him to create an oil company named Zapata in 1954, which made him rich. In 1959, he settled down in Houston.Mr. and Mrs. Bush had six children. They are George, Robin (who died of leukemia in 1953), John, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Fortune and family well settled, "Poppy" (Bush's nickname) turned, like his father, toward politics within the ranks of the Republican party which was almost nonexistent in the South. In 1964, he became the President of the Republican party in Harris and the same year, he campaigned for the Senate but without success. After his initial failure, he tried again in 1966 at the House of Representatives in the 7th district of Houston. He was elected and re-elected in 1968 and convinced his 2005-12-04T01:44:54-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-George-Bush-Sr-28159.aspx [color=red:560e52d795]Betsy Ross[/color:560e52d795]Spring of 1776 The most peculiar thing happened to me today. I was sitting in my shop sewing some clothes when some much unexpected guests walked in. It was three men from a flag committee from Congress. One of the men was the well known General George Washington. I could not help but wonder why they would want to see me. The gentleman sat me down and told me something very important. “Betsy, we would be honored if you would sew the American flag. “ Colonel Ross then went on to explain that he knew I was a true patriot and could be trusted 2005-11-23T21:20:12-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Betsy-Ross--28124.aspx Martin Luther King, Jr. - A True Advocate of Peace One of the world's best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Martin Luther King, Jr., synthesized ideas drawn from many different cultural traditions. Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, King's roots were in the African-American Baptist church. He was the grandson of the Rev. A. D. Williams, pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church and a founder of Atlanta's NAACP chapter, and the son of Martin Luther King, Sr., who succeeded Williams as Ebenezer's pastor and also became a civil rights leader. Although, from an early age, King resented religious emotionalism and questioned literal interpretations of scripture, he nevertheless greatly admired black social gospel proponents such as his father who saw the church as a instrument for improving the lives of African Americans. Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social activism influenced King's decision after his junior year at Morehouse to become a minister and thereby serve society. His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he received a doctorate in systematic theology in 1955. Rejecting offers for academic positions, King decided while completing his Ph. D. requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to obey the city's rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected King as president of the newly-formed Montgomery Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 1956, King gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills and personal courage. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Montgomery bus were desegregated in December, 1956, after the United States Supreme Court declared Alabama's segregation laws unconstitutional. In 1957, seeking to build upon the success of the Montgomery boycott movement, King and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As SCLC's president, King emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. During 1958, he published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. The following year, 2005-09-21T03:54:00-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Martin-Luther-King,-Jr_-A-True-Advocate-of-Peace-28014.aspx Martin Luther King Jr. Biography and Research Paper In his life, Martin Luther King Jr. accomplished many amazing things for the African-Americans in the United States and all over the world. He helped spread freedom and democracy throughout the world, even though he primarily concentrated on the well-being of the United States. Through all of the tough decisions he had to make, and all of the situations he had to overcome, Dr. King stuck to his morals and ethics. Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15, 1929 into a middle class family in Atlanta Georgia. He was the son of a minister and was very intelligent. He entered high school at age 13. In the 11th grade, he entered an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks in a distant Georgia town. Martin jr. spoke on "The Negro and the Constitution" and one a prize for his speech. On the way back to Atlanta, he and his teacher reviewed the exciting events of the day. Presently the bus stopped and some whites got on. There were no seats left so the bus driver ordered Martin and his teacher to get up and stand. King refused to budge. The driver threatened him and called him a "black son-of-a-bitch," until at last he heeded his teacher's whispers and he got out of his seat. For the rest of the trip home, he and his teacher were jostled around as the bus traveled down the highway. King later said, "It was the angriest I have ever been in my life." After the 11th grade, King left high school and went to Morehouse college which was accepting exceptional high school juniors to fill its depleted ranks because of the world war. He was only 15 when he enrolled. King graduated in the spring of 1948 at age 19. He elected to then attend the Crozer Seminary in Pennsylvania. After four years at Crozer, he decide to attend the prestigious School of Theology at Boston University. It was here that King would get his PhD., meet his future wife, Corretta Scott, and learn the ways of Ghandi. Martin read all that he could about Ghandi and he was very impressed by Ghandi's ways and his success. Ghandi believed in peaceful protest and Dr. King also though that this would be effective. After receiving his PhD, many churches expressed interest in having Dr. King become their head minister. Dr. King 2005-08-18T09:27:23-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-Martin-Luther-King-Jr_-Essay-27724.aspx Ben Franklin, A Man Of Virtue Besides being one of America’s greatest leaders and examples Ben Franklin was more than that, he was an idealist. The greatest and most interesting example is found in his rules to live by or 13 virtues. In this day and age, and quite possibly in that one, it is very refreshing to hear about a man who wants to live life by following a code of honor. Topics like Temperance, Frugality, Chastity, and Humility are all values that have become increasingly less visible in today’s society and Ben Franklin has given us this memoir not only as a record of his life, but as a reminder of what we should be striving for. Although 2005-08-04T06:36:52-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Ben-Franklin-A-Man-Of-Virtue-27539.aspx Born as Maria Eva Duarte de Peron, but known better as "Evita," Eva Peron aided in shaping Argentine politics as it is in the present day. Fifty years subsequent to her death, her impact is still felt. Eva was born in 1919, and was the youngest of five children. Her destitute family was devastated when Juan Duarte, Eva's father, passed away in 1926. Eva's mother moved Eva and her siblings to Junin and settled in a tiny, one-room home. All of Eva's family had to work as cooks for a rich family in order to support themselves. It has been said that Eva in no way understood the wealthy because of her experience as a servant. At the age of 14, Eva had a small part in a play called "Student's Arise." At this point, she knew she wanted to be an actress. She eventually ran off to Buenos Aires when she was 15. It was almost impossible for her to find acting jobs because of her age; therefore, she was exceptionally poor, and frequently went without food. Luckily, a prosperous manufacturer fell in love with her, and she then acquired her own radio show. Evita began to make numerous friends in high places. Several of the causes she spoke about on her radio show allowed a lot of individuals to see her opinion. Two of the important people who joined her causes were the Argentinean president and Colonel Imbert, the Minister of Communications, who controlled the radio stations in Argentina. At a fundraising event, Eva met Colonel Juan Domingo Peron, the man behind the new government. She ended up departing from the occasion with him by her side. Peron and Eva became married, even though Eva was half his age. Person eventually became the Minister of Labor and Welfare, and was persuaded by Eva that the power ought to be possessed by the workers of the nation. Peron instituted minimum wages, better living conditions, salary increases and protection from employers for the laborers. Eva was very supportive and active in her husband's political career, and therefore the workers were very grateful for the Perons. In fact, they were so grateful, over 200,000 people marched to the capital and demanded that Peron be their new president. Evita instituted the Social Aid Foundation, which helped build hundreds of hospitals and schools, along with supplying money to the unfortunate. She ultimately traveled to Europe 2005-08-04T06:31:32-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Maria-Eva-aka-Evita-Molding-Argentine-27536.aspx On March 18, 1837 in the small town of Caldwell, New Jersey, Stephen Grover Cleveland was born the fifth of a soon to be family of nine. His father was a minister, and raised Grover (he preferred Grover to Stephen) on Bible verses, and fine literature such as Shakespeare. During his childhood he moved around quite a bit. First they moved to the town of Fayetteville, and then to Clinton, New York. There he was enrolled in a school called the Clinton Liberal Institute. However his schooling did not last very long. At the age of 14 he dropped out of school and got a job as a clerk at a general store in Fayetteville. Grover regretted this decision and decided that he wanted to go to college and become a lawyer. However because of financial troubles he was able to achieve this goal until later in his life. He had several jobs until he landed the one that would change the rest of his life. Grover became the clerk at a local law firm called Rodgers, Bowen, and Rodgers. Here he learned the “in’s and out’s” of the legal system. He was eventually admitted to the New York bar. At this point in his life he became extremely interested in politics, especially Democratic politics. In 1870 he decided to run for Sheriff of the city of Buffalo, and he won the election. While sheriff, he found that the political leaders were cheating the prisoners out of their food. Enraged by this Grover immediately put an end to it. This was foreshadowing to how he would react to scandal and injustices during his presidency. When Cleveland was elected President he was well aware of the responsibility he held as being the first Democratic president sense the Civil war. As president he worked hard on reforming the federal government. He first hired better government officials, and put an end to the political scandal that had corrupted the government. He also was extremely wise with money. He made sure that the Navy got the best ships possible for the least amount of money. He also demanded and forced the railroads to return 81 million acres of government land that they had taken illegally. Often times he sat at his desk late into the night studying every bill Congress passed. He ended up vetoing more then 300 of them. This earned him the name 2005-08-02T06:29:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/President-Stephen-Grover-Cleveland-27527.aspx More nearly than any of his predecessors, Andrew Jackson was elected by popular vote; as President he sought to act as the direct representative of the common man. Born in a backwoods settlement in the Carolinas in 1767, he received sporadic education. But in his late teens he read law for about two years, and he became an outstanding young lawyer in Tennessee. Fiercely jealous of his honor, he engaged in brawls, and in a duel killed a man who cast an unjustified slur on his wife Rachel. Jackson prospered sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was the first man elected from Tennessee to the House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the Senate. A major general in the War of 1812, Jackson became a national hero when he defeated the British at New Orleans. In 1824 some state political factions rallied around Jackson; by 1828 enough had joined "Old Hickory" to win numerous state elections and control of the Federal administration in Washington. In his first Annual Message to Congress, Jackson recommended eliminating the Electoral College. He also tried to democratize Federal officeholding. Already state machines were being built on patronage, and a New York Senator openly proclaimed "that to the victors belong the spoils. . . . " Jackson took a milder view. Decrying officeholders who seemed to enjoy life tenure, he believed Government duties could be "so plain and simple" that offices should rotate among deserving applicants. As national politics polarized around Jackson and his opposition, two parties grew out of the old Republican Party--the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, or Whigs, opposing him. Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Whig leaders proclaimed themselves defenders of popular liberties against the usurpation of Jackson. Hostile cartoonists portrayed him as King Andrew I. Behind their accusations lay the fact that Jackson, unlike previous Presidents, did not defer to Congress in policy-making but used his power of the veto and his party leadership to assume command. The greatest party battle centered around the Second Bank of the United States, a private corporation but virtually a Government-sponsored monopoly. When Jackson appeared hostile toward it, the Bank threw its power against him. Clay and Webster, who had acted as attorneys for the Bank, led the fight for its recharter in Congress. "The bank," Jackson told Martin Van 2005-07-26T05:58:04-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Andrew-Jackson-Bio--27388.aspx Charlemagne Biography Charlemagne is also known as “Charles the Great.” He was the most famous ruler in the Middle Ages. He was the king of the Franks from 768- 814 and the emperor of the Romans from 800- 814. Charlemagne’s kingdom included most of western and central Europe. He was born in 742 and died in 814. Charlemagne was a tall man for that time at over six feet. He had a thick neck, red hair, and blue eyes. Some words that describe him would be ambitious, strong, and brutal. Charlemagne was a very smart man. He could speak and read in Latin, and even though he tried to write in Latin, he never learned how. Charlemagne was born on April 2, 742. His father was “Pepin the Short.” In 751, Charlemagne’s father dethroned the last Merovingian king, and took the throne for himself. In a promise to the pope to protect his lands, Pepin the Short was crowned King of the Franks by Pope Stephen II in 754. When Charlemagne’s dad died in 768, Pepin the Short’s kingdom was divided into two parts. Charlemagne and his brother Carloman each got part of the land. Even though Carloman was younger, he got a bigger part of the land. Three years later in 771, Carloman died and Charlemagne received all of his brother’s land. He united the two sections together, and was now the only leader of the Frankish Empire. Soon after his brother’s death, Charlemagne started to expand his empire. His empire in 771 went from Austrasia in the north to Septimania in the south. Its border in the east was Nordgau and the border in the west was Aquitaine. Charlemagne’s biggest and longest fight was against the Saxons. The Saxons lived in northwest Germany. This was Charlemagne’s first move to expand his kingdom. He picked the Saxons to attack because they were the last people in the area that were non- Christian, and because they had attacked the Frankish borders many times. Charlemagne made Saxony one his provinces. He put Christian churches there and made the Saxons convert to Christianity. The Saxons did not like this, so they revolted. Before Charlemagne could force his rule there permanently, he had to capture their leader, 2005-06-17T09:05:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Charlemagne-Charles-the-Great-Biography-26895.aspx George Washington Biography On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. "As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent," he wrote James Madison, "it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles." Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for an 18th century Virginia gentleman. He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for Thomas, Lord Fairfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War. The next year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from under him. From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy and happy life. But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions. When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years. He realized early that the best strategy was to harass the British. He reported to Congress, "we should on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn." Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies--he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at 2005-03-27T10:48:21-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-of-George-Washington-Our-First-President-26419.aspx Gerald Ford President Ford was born on July 14th, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. He was born to Dorothy Gardner King and Leslie King. Their marriage ended a short time later. When his mother remarried a man by the name of Gerald R. Ford she legally changed her sons name from Leslie Lynch King to Gerald R. Ford. President Ford had three half brothers all younger than him. Their names were Thomas, Richard, and James. When the Fords needed more room than they had in their other house they moved into a three-story house. Gerald Ford quickly became friends with kids in the neighborhood. Two of his friend's names were Arthur and Benjamin. They went to Madison school together, but when they went to high school, they were at different schools and didn't see much of one another. Another one of Gerald Ford's friends was Byrd Garel. Garel dropped out of high school and out of Gerald Ford's life when they were sophomores. After finishing high school he went on to college at Michigan State. Gerald Ford could not afford to pay for college, so they gave him a scholarship. He also found a job waiting on tables, and his aunt and uncle promised him two dollars a week. Ford was on the school football team and was one of the stars. Ford graduated from Michigan State in the spring of 1935. Although he had classes in various subjects with good grades it was his talent in football that got him jobs after college. Ford was offered a job coaching the Yale boxing team though he knew nothing about it. He had two choices to make, he could stay in football and pursue his interest in law, or he could become a coach at Yale University. Ford started taking boxing lessons at the YMCA three times a week. Ford coached at Yale for six seasons from 1935 to 1940. In 1938 the school let Ford coach on a trial basis to see if he could handle courses in law and be a full time boxing coach. He did so well that he was accepted and was able to take the course full time. Ford finished in the top third of his Yale law classes. Ford became President of the United States of America on August 9, 1974 after Richard Nixon resigned. He was the first president that was not elected. Ford became Vice President when 2005-02-23T08:39:06-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Gerald-Ford-Biography-26319.aspx Caesar Augustus Caesar Augustus took reign of the Roman Empire after the death of his uncle Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar's reign was looked down upon by the senate and Augustus took that into account and as a result he did not follow the way of governing his uncle chose. He learned that directly opposing the strong republican tradition in Rome would be very dangerous. So with this in consideration, Augustus transformed the Roman Republic into a different type of government. He learned that through showing good moral character and giving people want they wanted, peace and a better civilized state could be achieved. Caesars reign was most successful because he had a good relationship with the senate and knew exactly what the people wanted, peace and prosperity. Unlike his uncle, who shaped the government to his liking, and gained resentment of many Roman senators. "Thine age, O Caesar, has brought back fertile crops to the fields and has restored to our own Jupiter the military standards stripped from the proud columns of the Parthians, has closed Janus' temple freed of wars; has put reins on license overstepping righteous bounds; has wiped away our sins and revived the ancient virtues through which Latin name and the might of Italy waxed great, and the fame and majesty of our empire were spread from the sun's bed in the west to the east As long as Caesar is the guardian of the state, neither civil dissension nor violence shall banish peace, nor wrath that forges swords and brings misery to cities." (From Horace, Odes) This quote is an example which shows us that Augustus was much respected and very successful in creating a better civilized state. He was thought of a God because of his accomplishments for the people and the government, in return they gave him the title of "father of his country". The power of both the people and the senate was passed entirely in the hands of Augustus. Coins of an emperor were issued as a symbol of respect and accomplishment Roman coins were transmitters of political propaganda. One side showed the portrait of the emperor and the other side showed a recent victory or an important event. Caesar Augustus used these coins to show people what he did and what he had accomplished. On one coin we see him wearing a wreath. Around the coin are words 2004-12-22T20:39:29-05:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Caesar-Augustus-Biography-25964.aspx Churchill, Sir Winston (1874-1965), became one of the greatest statesmen in world history. Churchill reached the height of his fame as the heroic prime minister of Great Britain during World War II (1939-1945). He offered his people only "blood, toil, tears, and sweat" as they struggled to keep their freedom. Churchill was also a noted speaker, author, painter, soldier, and war reporter. Early in World War II, Great Britain stood alone against Nazi Germany. The British people refused to give in despite the tremendous odds against them. Churchill's personal courage and his faith in victory inspired the British to "their finest hour." The mere sight of this stocky, determined man--a cigar in his mouth and two fingers raised high in a "V for victory" salute--cheered the people. Churchill seemed to be John Bull, the symbol of the British people, come to life. Churchill not only made history, he also wrote it. As a historian, war reporter, and biographer, he showed a matchless command of the English language. In 1953, he won the Nobel Prize for literature. Yet as a schoolboy, he had been the worst student in his class. Churchill spoke as he wrote--clearly, vividly, majestically. Yet he had stuttered as a boy. Churchill joined the armed forces in 1895 as an army lieutenant under Queen Victoria. He ended his career in 1964 as a member of the House of Commons under Queen Elizabeth II, the great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Few men ever served their country so long or so well. Early life Boyhood and education. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on Nov. 30, 1874, in Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England. He was the elder of the two sons of Lord Randolph Churchill (1849-1895) and Lady Churchill (1854-1921). Young Winston, a chunky lad with a mop of red hair, had an unhappy boyhood. He talked with a stutter and lisp, and did poorly in his schoolwork. His stubbornness and high spirits annoyed everyone. In addition, his parents had little time for him. When Winston was 6 years old, his brother, John, was born. The difference in their ages prevented any real companionship. At the age of 12, Winston entered Harrow School, a leading British independent school. Throughout his school career, Winston was bottom of his class. At Harrow, however, his love of the English language began to grow. There, he said later, he "got into my bones the essential 2004-10-31T03:01:29-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Sir-Winston-Churchill-Biography-25660.aspx During the vast presidential history of the United States only few men have brought so much to Americas culture, political beliefs, ideas of foreign policy and respect of the presidency. President Harry S Truman was one of those men. From his humble beginnings in Missouri to the most powerful position in the world Truman left a trail of leadership and strength behind him. During his time in civil service he along with a brilliant staff combated many of the popular evils of his time. In 1884 Harry Truman was born. He was delivered in a room where there was barely any space for a bed. The attending physician, Dr. W.L. Griffin, received a fee of $ 15, and to celebrate the occasion the new father planted a seedling pine in the front yard. It wasn’t for another month that the doctor registered the child into the clerk’s office up the street, and even when he did the baby remained nameless. The problem was the middle name hey didn’t know whether to honor her father or his. Finally they came to a compromise and chose S. This could stand for either Solomon or Shipp. His first name would be Harry after his Uncle Harrison. Harry S Truman would finally be. Harry Truman liked to say in later years that he had the happiest childhood imaginable . Most of his childhood included his grandfather taking him riding side in a horse drawn cart, and hunting for bird nests while gathering wild strawberries. While in school kids made fun of his glasses as most kids do. These occurrences probably didn’t have a lot to do with him becoming president but it is important to see that he had a normal life as a child. His family wasn’t rich, he didn’t receive the best schooling, but he had love from his family and siblings and that might have been a important factor. As a boy the first and most memorable political event for young Harry was the day of Grover Cleveland’s second victory, in 1892. As Truman grew older his father john decided that it was about time Harry started to concentrate on his studies. He grew dutifully, conspicuously studious, spending long afternoons in the town library watched over by a white plaster 2004-10-30T04:56:54-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Harry-S_-Truman--25640.aspx “The Father of All the Russia” may lie in a tomb, but his existence and cruelty haunt Russia to this very day. Steven Otfinoski wrote the biography Joseph Stalin: Russia’s Last Czar. Unlike Stalin’s own autobiography, Otfinoski’s biography covers the real facts, and this is why it is a good source of information. Iosif Vissarionovich Djugashvili, aka Joseph Stalin, was born in Gori, a village in Georgia, Russia on December 21, 1879. His father was a brooding, drunken violent man and a shoemaker by trade. At age seven, Iosif almost died of smallpox, but he survived with facial and psychological scars. He grew to hate his father, and one time he threw a knife at him to defend his mother. The knife missed its target, but did cause Iosif to run away to live with a neighbor. At age ten, his father died. A short time after the death of his father, his mother, Ekaterina, sent him to the village church school using money she earned by working in upper class homes. It was the only way she could get him away from the poverty of their daily lives. He became a choirboy, and because he graduated at the top of his class, Iosif received a small scholarship to the Seminary in Tbilisi. At the Seminary, young Iosif was introduced to the world of czarist Russia. Russia, during the time of the czars, was oppressive. Bureaucrats ran the government, the church and the educational system, and any infringement of the rules lead to very harsh punishment. The Tbilisi Seminary used religion as a weapon, pounding the students into submission. At first, Iosif excelled at his studies and caused little trouble, but the Seminary hardened him, and he learned to hate religion and all authority. He soon became devious, hypocritical and met secretly with other students to read Karl Marx’s Das Kapital. He became fascinated the Marx’s writings and soon lost all interest in his studies. Only a week from the end of his five-year course, he was expelled because of his insolent behavior. He had found his true vocation, one of a revolutionary. Joseph Stalin became the leader of Russia after Lenin’s death. Stalin had many physical characteristics that were unique. After having smallpox as a 2004-10-29T02:56:35-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Joseph-Stalin-Russia’s-Last-Czar-25585.aspx Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta, Georgia on 15th January, 1929. Both his father and grandfather were Baptist preachers who had been actively involved in the civil rights movement. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948. After considering careers in medicine and law, he entered the ministry. While studying at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, King heard a lecture on Mahatma Gandhi and the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign that he used successfully against British rule in India. King read several books on the ideas of Gandhi, and eventually became convinced that the same methods could be employed by blacks to obtain civil rights in America. He was particularly struck by Gandhi's words: "Through our pain we will make them see their injustice". King was also influenced by Henry David Thoreau and his theories on how to use nonviolent resistance to achieve social change. After his marriage to Coretta Scott, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. In Montgomery, like most towns in the Deep South, buses were segregated. On 1st December, 1955, Rosa Parks, a middle-aged tailor's assistant, who was tired after a hard day's work, refused to give up her seat to a white man. After the arrest of Rosa Parks, King and his friends, Ralph David Abernathy, Edgar Nixon, and Bayard Rustin helped organize protests against bus segregation. It was decided that black people in Montgomery would refuse to use the buses until passengers were completely integrated. King was arrested and his house was fire-bombed. Others involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott also suffered from harassment and intimidation, but the protest continued. For thirteen months the 17,000 black people in Montgomery walked to work or obtained lifts from the small car-owning black population of the city. Eventually, the loss of revenue and a decision by the Supreme Court forced the Montgomery Bus Company to accept integration. and the boycott came to an end on 20th December, 1956. In 1957 King joined with the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and Bayard Rustin to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The new organisation was committed to using nonviolence in the struggle for civil rights, and SCLC adopted the motto: "Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed." There had been a long tradition of nonviolent resistance to racism in the United States. Frederick Douglass had advocated these methods during the fight 2004-07-07T04:16:22-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Martin-Luther-King-Bio-25541.aspx The seeds of Hitler's rise to power were planted following the outcome of the First World War. With Germany's defeat, many German men returned to Germany feeling betrayed by their country and government. Among them was Adolf Hitler, a young Austrian Corporal who had fought bravely for Germany. When the World War broke out, Hitler was very happy. The War had been a blessing to the young Hitler, who had been unsuccessful in civilian life. When Germany was defeated, Hitler was devastated. He wrote, "I could sit there no longer, once again, everything went black before my eyes, and I tottered and groped my way back to the place where we slept, and buried my burning head in the blankets and pillows." (Stewart p.31). On returning unemployed to Munich, Hitler was outraged exclaiming " in these days the hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed." (Stewart p.31). Hitler promised to get back at people for those who had been responsible for Germany's defeat. ! With the signing of the Treaty of Versaille, Hitler blamed the defeat of Germany on the Jews, Communists, and the weak Weimar government. This is the government which held power following Germany's defeat. With his strong hatred for the Communists, the Jews, and the weak government, Hitler vowed to fight back, and to change the terrible things, which he believed, had been done to Germany. After the War, Hitler found a job as a prison guard sixty miles north from Munich. The job was boring, but it provided him with security, food, shelter, and something to do. When the job ended, Hitler went back to Munich, where he was offered a more challenging job due to his great dislike for the Communists who were provoking revolution in cities throughout Germany. In this assignment, Hitler was given the task of keeping a close watch on individual groups, which could have been a threat to the military of the Weimar Government. In this, Hitler learned many things and even was given special training at the University of Munich where he attended political philosophy classes. These classes may be where he began to take keen interest in German expanse. In 1919, Hitler was investigating a fifty-four member group which was called the German's Worker's Party. This group had funds adding up to about seven U.S. dollars. This group was anti-Communist ideas, and believed along with the Jews 2004-07-05T08:58:16-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Adolf-Hitler-Biography-25297.aspx Biography Report on Adolph Hitler From the first day that Adolf Hitler seized power, January 30, 1933, he knew that only sudden death awaited him if he failed to restore pride and empire to post Versailles Germany. His close friend and adjutant Julius Schaub recorded Hitler's jubilant boast to his staff on that evening, as the last celebrating guests left the Berlin Chancellery building: No power on earth will get me out of this building alive! Adolf Hitler, murderer of millions, master of destruction and organized insanity, did not come into the world as a monster. He was not sent to earth by the devil, nor was he sent by heaven to "bring order" to Germany, to give the country the autobahn and rescue it from its economic crisis. At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 an innocent child was born in the small town of Braunau Am Inn, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. Initially Alois had taken his mother's name, Schicklgruber, but changed it in 1876 and became Hiedler, or Hitler. Quite important - it is hard to imagine tens of thousands of Germans shouting "Heil Schicklgruber!" instead of "Heil Hitler!" Adolf Hitler later confided to his only childhood friend, August Kubizek, "that the name Schicklgruber 'seemed to him so uncouth, so boorish, apart from being so clumsy and unpractical. But 'Hitler' sounded rich and was easy to remember." Adolf's mother, born Klara Pölzl, was 23 years younger than Alois. She was so closely related to her husband that a special dispensation was sought from Rome before they could marry in 1884. Of the six children born of this marriage, only two survived, Adolf and a younger sister called Paula. Young Adolf attended church regularly, sang in the local choir and spent hours playing 'cowboys and Indians' and revelled in the westerns penned by Karl May. He grew up with a poor record at school and left, before completing his tuition, with an ambition to become an artist or architect. Alois Hitler had died when Adolf was thirteen and Klara brought up Adolf and his sister, Paula, on her own. A neighbour of the Hitler family later recalled:'When the postmaster asked him one day what he wanted to do for a living and whether he wouldn't like to join the post-office, he 2004-07-04T04:35:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Biography-Report-on-Adolph-Hitler-25220.aspx Huddled in an 2004-07-04T04:00:36-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Saddam-Hussein-The-President-of-Iraq-25215.aspx Benito Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883 in Predappio. The son of a blacksmith he was largely self-educated. He became a schoolteacher and a socialist journalist in northern Italy. In 1910 he married Rachele Guidi who bore his five children. Mussolini was jailed in 1911 for his opposition to Italy’s war in Libya. Soon after his release in 1912 he became editor of the socialist newspaper in Milan, “Avanti!”. When WWI began in 1914 Mussolini advocated Italy’s entrance into the war on the allied side and was expelled from the socialist party. He then started his own newspaper in Milan, Il Popolo d’Italia (The People of Italy) which later became the origin of the Fascist Movement. In 1916 Mussolini enlisted in the military. After his promotion to sergeant he was wounded and in 1917 he returned to his paper. During the Chaos that Gripped Italy after the war Mussolini’s influence grew swiftly. Mussolini and other war veterans founded Fasci di Combattimento in March of 1919. This Nationalistic antisocialist movement attracted much of the lower middle class and took its name from the Fasces, an ancient symbol of Roman discipline. The Fascist movement grew rapidly in the 1920’s, spreading through the countryside where it’s Black Shirt Militia won support of the land owners and attacked peasant leagues of Socialist Supporters. To take advantage of the opportunity Fascism shed it’s initial Republicanism gaining the support of the King and Army. On October 28, 1922 Mussolini led his Fascist March on Rome. Mussolini was immediately invited to form the Italian Government by King Victor Emmanuel III. Although Mussolini was given extraordinary powers to return order to Italy he governed constitutionally until 1924 after the violence of the 1924 elections resulting in the death of Socialist party deputy Giacomo Mattoetti. Mussolini moved to suspend constitutional government and establish a totalitarian regime. He proceeded in stages to establish a dictatorship by forbidding the parliament to initiate legislation, making him responsible to the king alone. By 1926 he had passed decrees issuing him the force of law, establishing total censorship of the press and suppressing all opposition parties. In 1929 Mussolini made one of his 2004-07-04T01:24:17-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Brief-Look-at-Benito-Mussolini-25202.aspx Abraham Lincoln: Biography Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was very important to the past history of our country. He helped to abolish slavery in this country and kept the American Union from splitting apart during the Civil War. At 22, he moved to New Salem, Illinois. With his gift for swapping stories and making friends, he became quite popular and was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1834. In his spare time, he taught himself law and became a lawyer. In 1847, he was elected to the U.S. Congress, but returned to his law practice until 1858, when his concern about the spread of slavery prompted him to return to national politics and run for the U.S. Senate. Lincoln rose to greatness from a humble beginning. Born in 1809 in a log cabin in Kentucky, Lincoln spent most of his childhood working on the family farm. He had less than a year of school but managed to educate himself by studying and reading books on his own. He believed that slavery and democracy were fundamentally incompatible. In an 1858 speech, he said: What constitutes the bulwark of our own liberty and independance? It is not our frowning battlements, our bristling sea coats, our army and our navy . . . Our defense is in the spirit which prized liberty as the heritage of all men, in all lands everywhere. Destroy this spirit and you have planted the seeds of despotism at your own doors. Familiarize yourself with the chains of bondage and you prepare your own limbs to wear them (World Book Encyclopedia). He lost his campaign for the Senate, but during the debates with his opponent Stephen Douglas, he became well known for his opposition to slavery. The southern states, which believed they depended upon slavery to remain prosperous in the cotton, tobacco, and rice industries, threatened to secede from the nation if Lincoln won the election. Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, and by April 12, the southern states had formed the Confederate States of America and the Civil War began. It was during the Civil War that Lincoln proclaimed the slaves free in the Confederate states. This was his famous Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863. But Lincoln knew that something else had to be done to insure liberty for the slaves after the war. So he worked 2004-06-27T23:29:14-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Abraham-Lincoln-Biography-25190.aspx Napolen Bonaparte was born in 1769 and died in 1821. Napoleon was a military genius for the loyalty of his troops, and for his spectacular victories. The many change of the government in France, against the background of war, made possible the rise of a military dictator. Since childhood, Napoleon was taught strategies and tactics to help him succeed through battles. At the age of fifteen, he entered the advance military school, the Ecole Militaire in Paris. Napoleon was promoted to a general at the age of twenty-four, where he was put in charge of the Italian campaigns. After conquering most of the Italian Penninsula, Napoleon gained the support of the government and earned the respect of Sieyes and Tallyrand. They identified Napoleon as their strong man in the Coup of Brumaire. In 1799, Napoleon introduced a dictatorship to bring order to the chaos in France. He instituted many reforms, for example in the civil service and treasury. He guaranteed the French people equality and fraternity. In exchange, he took away their liberty. Another reform was the creation of the national education system. This was a pleasant addition because it adds knowledge to the Empire. Another was a knew constitution, in this he presented to the public in a plebiscite that required them either to accept fully his version or to allow him to govern without the restrictions of a constitutions. This was a lose-lose situation for the people. The support of the army was a major factor in his successful dictatorship. Napoleon put the three consuls in charge of the new executive branch in which he was the first consul. Napoleon also introduced many foreign policies. One was the continental system; this forbade the imputation of British goods into Europe. In the first coalition, England joined with Austria and Prussia. The French was defeated because of their embarrassing loss in the Mediterranean. They lost most of their supplies which doomed their chances for a victory. Austria allied with Russia and England to form the second coalition. This war was concluded by a brief interval of peace, which lasted from 1801 to 1803. A third coalition was formed by an alliance between England, Austria, and Russia. The French were conquered at sea, but with perseverance, successfully dominated at land. After their defeat, the Frence 2004-06-27T23:25:46-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Napolen-Bonaparte-Biography-25189.aspx Thurgood Marshall Short Biography (1908- 1993) Thurgood Marshall is one of the most well known figures in the history of civil rights in America and the first Black Supreme Court Justices. He served for 24 years then retired in 1991 due to advancing years and bad health. He died later in 1993 at the age of 85. He also served as the legal director for the NAACP in the years of 1940 through 1961, a pivotal time for the organization, as changing the policy of racial segregation was one of its goals. Marshall and his mentor Charles Hamilton worked together to develop a long-term plan to get rid of racial segregation in schools. Their plan was to start concentrating on the graduate and professional schools, thinking that the judges would be sympathetic to them, then move on to the elementary and high schools. This proved fruitful in the case of _Brown vs. The Board of Education_ in 1954, were it was declared that segregation of schools was illegal. At this time, Marshall was an experienced advocate of the Supreme Court. Marshall presented many cases before the Court in what was his hallmark styles, straightforward and plainspoken. President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the Court of Appeals in 1961. This was not an easy confirmation: a group of senators held it up for months, he served initially under a special appointment made during a congressional recess. From 1965 to 1967, he served as Solicitor General under President Johnson. Marshall succeeded Justices Tom Clark on the Supreme Court, and had argued 32 cases before that body, and won 29 of them. On the Court Marshall said very little except to train his sarcasm on the lawyers struggling through their arguments and some times a fellow Justices. The key to Marshall's work was his convection that integration would allow equal rights under the law to take hold. He worked on behalf of Black Americans, but built a structure of individual rights that became the corner stone of protections for all Americans. He succeeded in creating new protections under law for women, children, prisoners, and the homeless. All their claims to full citizenship over the last century can be traced back to Thurgood Marshall. The press, even, can thank him for an expansion of its liberties. Marshall's deep convection in the power of racial integration came out of a middle class background in 2004-06-12T17:16:22-04:00 http://75.150.148.189/free-essay/Thurgood-Marshall-Biography-Essay-25146.aspx